Payment of Punitive Damages by Insurance Companies

The logic and validity of the public policy argument that to require insurance companies to pay punitive damages would place a burden upon the innocent insurance carrier, and ultimately the public itself, is weak and indefensible. The concern for not wanting to punish the insurance carrier, an innocent party, is not logical since any insurance company is an innocent party. The involvement is based on the contractual relationship of indemnification. If an insurance company does not wish to indemnify for punitive damages, then it should specifically exclude such coverage in the policy. In the absence of such a specific exclusion, public policy properly analyzed requires it to pay

Wind-driven circulation in a shelf valley. Part II : Dynamics of the along-valley velocity and transport

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 48 (2018): 883-904, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-17-0084.1.The dynamics controlling the along-valley (cross shelf) flow in idealized shallow shelf valleys with small to moderate Burger number are investigated, and analytical scales of the along-valley flows are derived. This paper follows Part I, which shows that along-shelf winds in the opposite direction to coastal-trapped wave propagation (upwelling regime) force a strong up-valley flow caused by the formation of a lee wave. In contrast, along-shelf winds in the other direction (downwelling regime) do not generate a lee wave and consequently force a relatively weak net down-valley flow. The valley flows in both regimes are cyclostrophic with 0(1) Rossby number. A major difference between the two regimes is the along-shelf length scales of the along-valley flows L. In the upwelling regime Ls, depends on the valley width W, and the wavelength lambda(1w) of the coastal-trapped lee wave arrested by the along-shelf flow U-s. In the downwelling regime L depends on the inertial length scale U-s|'f and W-c. The along-valley velocity scale in the upwelling regime, given by V-u approximate to root pi H-c/H-s integral W-c lambda(1w)/2 pi L-x (1+L-x(2)/L-c(2))(-1) e(-(pi Wc)/(lambda 1w),) is based on potential vorticity (PV) conservation and lee-wave dynamics (Hs and H, are the shelf and valley depth scales, respectively, and fis the Coriolis parameter). The velocity scale in the downwelling regime, given by |v(d)| approximate to (H-s/H-s)[1 + (L-x(2)/L-x(2))](-1) fL, is based on PV conservation. The velocity scales are validated by the numerical sensitivity simulations and can be useful for observational studies of along -valley transports. The work provides a framework for investigating cross -shelf transport induced by irregular shelf bathymetry and calls for future studies of this type under realistic environmental conditions and over a broader parameter space.Both WGZ and SJL were supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through Grant OCE 1154575.WGZis also supported by the NSF Grant OCE 1634965 and SJL by NSF Grant OCE 1558874.2018-10-1

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the East Branch Brook metagabbroic dykes in the Sawyer Brook fault zone, Clarence Stream gold prospect, southwestern New Brunswick

The East Branch Brook (EBB) metagabbroic dykes, host to a portion of the Clarence Stream gold deposit, are situated within the contact metamorphic aureole of the Middle Devonian I-type Magaguadavic Granite on the northwestern margin of the post-orogenic Saint George Bathohth. They are highly deformed, light- (type I), intermediate- (type 2) to dark-coloured (type 3) dykes containing auriferous quartz veins that occupy brittle to ductile northeast-trending shear zones in shallow marine, hornfelsed, volcaniclastic, sedimentary rocks of the Silurian Waweig and Oak Bay formations. The shear zones parallel the regional structure as a result of proximity to the faulted boundary (Sawyer Brook fault) between the Ordovician St. Croix terrane to the northwest and the Silurian to Early Devonian Mascarcne Basin to the southeast. Geochemical studies of the EBB dykes indicate that three pulses (Fe-rich. intermediate, and Mg-rich) of subalkaline to slightly alkaline continental tholeiitc magmas were generated in a transpressional environment during the Early Silurian to Early Devonian Positive εNd values indicate their derivation from a partially depleted mantle source during faulting and nft-related events Although the geochemical data (Fe- and Ti-depletion) indicate calc-alkaline affinity for the nearby Bocabec intrusive complex, εNd values and primitive mantle-normalized spider diagram patterns are similar to those of the EBB dykes. In contrast, the St. Stephen Intrusion appears more primitive with within-plate tholeiitic to slightly alkalie affinity RÉSUMÉ Les dykes metagabbroïques du ruisseau East Branch, qui abritent une partie du gite aurifière dc Clarence Stream, sont situées à l'inténeur de 1'auréolc de métamorphismc de contact du granite du Dévonian moyen de type 1 de Magaguadavic sur la limite nord-ouest du batholithe postorogénique de Saint George. Il s'agit de dykes extrémemeni déformés de teinte pàle (type 1) et intermédiaire (type 2) à foncée (type 3) renfermant des filons de quartz aurifere qui occupent des zones de eisaillement cassantes à déformables, orientées ver\ Ic nord-est. dans des roches sédimcntaires volcanoclastiques à coméenncs marines peu profondes des formations silunennes de Wawcig el d'Oak Bay. La proximilé de la limite faillée (faille du runsseau Sawyer) entre le terrane ordovicien de St. Croix, au nord-ouest et le bassin du Silurien au Dévonien inférieur de Mascarenc. au sud-est, a amené les zones du eisaillement à longer parallélement la structure régionale. Des éludes géochimiques des dykes du ruisseau East Branch révèlent que trois impulsions (composante riche en Fer. composante intermédiaire et composante riche en Mg) de magmas tholéutiques continentaux, allant de subalcalins à légèrement alcalms sont survenues dans un environnement transpressionnel pendant la période du Silurien inferieur au Dévonien infèrieur. Les vateurs positives de εNd lémoignent de leur provenance d'un manteau particllement appauri pendant la formation de failles et des phénomènes apparcntes à une distension Même les données géeochimiques (appaurassement en Fe et en Ti) revèlent unc affinité calcoalcaline du complexe intrusif proche de Bocabec. les valeurs de εNd et les configurations de diagrammes en araignée normalisées du manteau primitif sont analogues a celles des dykes du ruisseau East Branch Par contre, l'intrusion de Saint Stephen semble plus primitive avec une affinite mira-plaques allant de tholénlique à légèrcment alcaline Traduit par la rédactio

The Effects of Time Dependent Stress-Path on The Plastic and Elastic Deformation of Sand and Clay Soils Subjected to Dynamic Loading

Cylindrical cyclic loading tests were used to study the effects of time dependent stress path on the plastic and elastic deformations of sand and clay soil samples. The test materials were obtained from the subgrade of existing highway pavements located throughout the state of Michigan. Approximately, 25 cylindrical soil samples (13.5 cm long, 5.5 cm in diameter) were tested under repeated loading conditions using different hydrostatic confining pressures and several time dependent stress-paths. In all tests, the first invariant of the stress tensor was cycled between two constant values and the first invariant of the stress deviator tensor was increased incremently and cycled such that its minimum value was kept greater than 6.895 kPa. at all times. Analysis of the test results indicated several findings, these include: 1) Increasing the first invariant of the stress deviator tensor with time,for sand samples, decreased the average rate and magnitude of the plastic deformation of the samples. 2) For clay samples, the rate and magnitude of the plastic and elastic deformations were found to be dependent on the first invariants of the stress tensor and stress deviator tensor, on the stresspath and on the sample parameters. For example, the elastic strains of two duplicate soil samples tested under the same stress conditions (same invariants of stress tensor and stress deviator tensor) were different by a factor of 2 to 100. The value of this factor was found to be a function of the time dependent stress path

Relationships between regional coastal land cover distributions and elevation reveal data uncertainty in a sea-level rise impacts model

© The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lentz, E. E., Plant, N. G., & Thieler, E. R. Relationships between regional coastal land cover distributions and elevation reveal data uncertainty in a sea-level rise impacts model. Earth Surface Dynamics, 7(2), (2019):429-438, doi:10.5194/esurf-7-429-2019.Understanding land loss or resilience in response to sea-level rise (SLR) requires spatially extensive and continuous datasets to capture landscape variability. We investigate the sensitivity and skill of a model that predicts dynamic response likelihood to SLR across the northeastern US by exploring several data inputs and outcomes. Using elevation and land cover datasets, we determine where data error is likely, quantify its effect on predictions, and evaluate its influence on prediction confidence. Results show data error is concentrated in low-lying areas with little impact on prediction skill, as the inherent correlation between the datasets can be exploited to reduce data uncertainty using Bayesian inference. This suggests the approach may be extended to regions with limited data availability and/or poor quality. Furthermore, we verify that model sensitivity in these first-order landscape change assessments is well-matched to larger coastal process uncertainties, for which process-based models are important complements to further reduce uncertainty.This research was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program. We thank P. Soupy Dalyander for early reviews and discussion of this paper. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government

Fusion Peptides Promote Formation of Bilayer Cubic Phases in Lipid Dispersions. An X-Ray Diffraction Study

AbstractSmall angle x-ray diffraction revealed a strong influence of the N-terminal influenza hemagglutinin fusion peptide on the formation of nonlamellar lipid phases. Comparative measurements were made on a series of three peptides, a 20-residue wild-type X-31 influenza virus fusion peptide, GLFGAIAGFIENGWEGMIDG, and its two point-mutant, fusion-incompetent peptides G1E and G13L, in mixtures with hydrated phospholipids, either dipalmitoleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPoPE), or monomethylated dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE-Me), at lipid/peptide molar ratios of 200:1 and 50:1. All three peptides suppressed the HII phase and shifted the Lα–HII transition to higher temperatures, simultaneously promoting formation of inverted bicontinuous cubic phases, QII, which becomes inserted between the Lα and HII phases on the temperature scale. Peptide-induced QII had strongly reduced lattice constants in comparison to the QII phases that form in pure lipids. QII formation was favored at the expense of both Lα and HII phases. The wild-type fusion peptide, WT-20, was distinguished from G1E and G13L by the markedly greater magnitude of its effect. WT-20 disordered the Lα phase and completely abolished the HII phase in DOPE-Me/WT-20 50:1 dispersions, converted the QII phase type from Im3m to Pn3m and reduced the unit cell size from ∼38 nm for the Im3m phase of DOPE-Me dispersions to ∼15 nm for the Pn3m phase in DOPE-Me/WT-20 peptide mixtures. The strong reduction of the cubic phase lattice parameter suggests that the fusion-promoting WT-20 peptide may function by favoring bilayer states of more negative Gaussian curvature and promoting fusion along pathways involving Pn3m phase-like fusion pore intermediates rather than pathways involving HII phase-like intermediates

The Devono-Carboniferous transition in the Franco-Belgian basin with reference to Foraminifera and Brachiopods

After a brief summary of the most striking evolutionary trends of the Upper Frasnian through Lower Tournaisian foraminifer assemblages in Northwestern Europe, some new biostratigraphic data are discussed mainly from an important section near St. Hilaire (Avesnois area, Northern France) as well as their impact on the problem of the Devono-Carboniferous boundary in the Franco-Belgian Basin

A coastal current in winter : autonomous underwater vehicle observations of the coastal current east of Cape Cod

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 113 (2008): C07030, doi:10.1029/2007JC004306.Evolution of the coastal current structure on the shallow continental shelf east of Cape Cod was studied using autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) surveys and moored observations during the winters of 2005 and 2006. A coastally bounded plume of relatively fresh water, characteristic of a coastal current, persisted throughout both winters despite strong mixing. Nondimensional parameter analysis classified the plume as a bottom-trapped gravity current over a moderately steep slope, placing it in the context of other buoyant coastal currents. The range of water properties within the coastal current, its spatial extent and temporal variability were characterized on the basis of the data from repeat hydrographic sections. Along-shore freshwater transport was dominated by highly variable barotropic flow driven by local wind and basin-wide pressure gradients. It eventually contributed substantially to the average southward along-shore freshwater transport, estimated at 1.1 ± 0.3 × 103 m3 s−1 in February and 1.8 ± 0.4 × 103 m3 s−1 in the first half of March 2006. The contribution of baroclinic buoyancy-driven freshwater transport was typically an order of magnitude lower during both winters. Despite the relative weakness of the baroclinic freshwater transport, the coastal current potentially had a major impact on water mass modification during the winter. Continual presence of the low-salinity plume prevented the formation of cold dense water near the coast and its export offshore. The coastal current effectively isolated the inner-shelf zone, reducing its potential role in ventilation of the intermediate layers of the Wilkinson Basin of the Gulf of Maine.This work was supported by the Coastal Ocean Institute of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the WHOI SeaGrant Office under grant NA06OAR4170021. G.G. was supported by the Office of Naval Research as part of the AWACS program under grant N00014-05-1-0410. A.S. was supported, in part, by WHOI Post-Doctoral Scholarship

Slaves, Soldiers, Citizens: African American Artifacts of the Civil War Era

Based on the exhibit Slaves, Soldiers, Citizens: African American Artifacts of the Civil War Era, this book provides the full experience of the exhibit, which was on display in Special Collections at Musselman Library November 2012- December 2013. It also includes several student essays based on specific artifacts that were part of the exhibit. Table of Contents: Introduction Angelo Scarlato, Lauren Roedner ’13 & Scott Hancock Slave Collars & Runaways: Punishment for Rebellious Slaves Jordan Cinderich ’14 Chancery Sale Poster & Auctioneer’s Coin: The Lucrative Business of Slavery Tricia Runzel ’13 Isaac J. Winters: An African American Soldier from Pennsylvania Who Fought at Petersburg Avery Lentz ’14 Basil Biggs: A Prominent African American in Gettysburg after the Battle Lauren Roedner ’13 Linton Ingram: A Former Slave Who Became a Notable African American Educator in Georgia Brian Johnson & Lincoln Fitch ’14 Uncle Tom’s Cabin Theatre Poster: Racism in Post-Emancipation Entertainment Michelle Seabrook ’13 Essay Bibliographies Grand Army of the Republic Exhibit Inventory Acknowledgmentshttps://cupola.gettysburg.edu/libexhibits/1001/thumbnail.jp