316 research outputs found

    Study of supercooled water droplet chain evolving in a cold environment: Experimental and modelling study

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    International audienceKnowledge of the temperature of supercooled water droplet is essential for aircraft certification. In the present paper, characterisation of supercooled droplets is made by Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF). LIF technique allows a discrimination of the state of the droplet and a measurement of the droplets temperature. The technique is here used to characterise droplets falling in a cold environment. An experimental setup designed for supercooled droplet generation is built allowing a control of the ambient temperature for minimum temperature of. The study is performed on a line of equally-spaced droplets. This configuration allows changing several parameters as the droplet diameter the inter-droplet distance and the droplet injection temperature. Heat transfers in a droplet line are well known in the literature and their effect on Sherwood and Nusselt are still an opened issue. In this study, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are estimated from experimental results and compared with correlation of isolated droplets. The comparison allows a quantification of the droplet interaction effect on heat and mass transfers. It is then shown that the inter-droplet distance parameter has a strong influence on the evolution of the correction of both Nusselt and Sherwood numbers

    Vaporization of bi-component droplets in a turbulent over-heated flow : Experiments and Numerical Simulation

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    This paper deals with an experimental study of bi-component droplets evaporation in a turbulent over-heated channel flow. Droplets are made of a mixture of n-octane and 3-pentanone (15% in volume). Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) of 3-pentanone is used to derive both concentration of this molecule in liquid and gas phases. Concomitant dispersion of the liquid droplets and evaporation can be clearly observed with a trend to homogenisation of the 3-pentanone vapour in the flowfield due to high turbulence rate, on the order of 40%. The experimental results, in term of concentration of 3-pentanone in both liquid and gas phases have been compared to a simplified numerical simulation based on the discrete component model, taking into account the droplet composition, associated to the isolated droplet model. It appears that the measurements performed on the liquid phase overestimate the calculated evaporation, as the gas phase measurements performed far from the injection point are in correct agreement with the calculations. One of the explanations is that the PLIF CCD camera dynamic is not sufficient to detect simultaneously the biggest and smallest droplets. In the present cases, most of the numerous smallest droplets seem to be ignored by the measurement, which tends to overestimate the droplet evaporation. The second important cause of discrepancy between experimental and numerical results is linked to the strong extinction of the fluorescence signal issuing from the liquid phase, due to the absorptio

    Drop impact in the regime of film boiling : transient evolution of the heat transfer and the vapor film thickness

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    International audienceWhen a drop impinges onto a wall heated above the Leidenfrost temperature, a very thin vapor film is formed at the interface between the liquid and the solid substrate. This vapor layer modifies the impact behavior of the drop and induces a significant decrease in heat transfer. To study this phenomenon, a model is proposed for the growth of the vapor film and the heat transfer at the impact. The main assumptions are: (i) a uniform but time varying thickness of the vapor film, (ii) a quasi-steady Poiseuille flow inside the vapor film, and (iii) a constant wall temperature. Heat energy and momentum balances are employed to obtain an ordinary differential equation describing the evolution of the vapor film thickness during the drop impact. Upon a one-dimensional analysis (nonetheless including some effects due to the complex fluid flow), the local heat flux transferred to the liquid qL can be evaluated. When the initial drop temperature is sufficiently lower than the saturation temperature, qL predominates over the heat flux used for liquid evaporation. This results in a simplified model for the vapor film thickness that we were able to validate against experiments carried out with ethanol droplets impacting an overheated sapphire surface (typically above 250°C). Two optical measurement techniques, based on laser-induced fluorescence imaging and infrared thermography, are associated to temporally and spatially characterize the heat transfer as well as the thickness of the vapor film

    La France emmêlée:Perspectives 2003-2004 pour l’économie française

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    Après trois années de forte croissance (3,6 % en moyenne de 1998 à 2000), la France a connu un ralentissement en 2001 (1,8 %) qui s’est prolongé en 2002 (1,2 %). Pour 2003 et 2004, nous faisons l’hypothèse que l’économie française progressera de manière modérée, à un rythme légèrement inférieur à celui de la zone euro : la croissance dans l’hexagone serait respectivement de 0,4 % et 1,5 % contre 0,5 % et 1,6 % pour la zone euro. La croissance française resterait inférieure à son potentiel, conséquence directe du comportement prudent des agents privés français face aux incertitudes sur la politique fiscale et des contraintes sur la politique budgétaire

    Instantaneous heat transfers at the impact of a droplet onto a hot surface in the film boiling regime

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    [EN] Heat and mass transfers at the impact of a droplet onto a hot solid surface are investigated experimentally. Millimetersized water droplets impinges onto a perfectly flat sapphire surface heated at 600°C. The temperature of the liquid inside the droplet is measured using the two-color laser-induced fluorescence (2cLIF) technique. Water is seeded with a temperature-sensitive fluorescent dye, while a nanosecond pulsed laser is used for the excitation of the fluorescence. The ratio of fluorescence signal detected in two appropriate spectral bands allows to determine the liquid temperature. One advantage of this non-intrusive optical technique is that it eliminates adverse effects associated with signal variations caused by droplet shape during its impact. In parallel, the temperature of the solid surface is characterized using infrared thermography. The latter measurements are made possible by the deposition of a nanosize coating of titanium aluminium nitride (TiAlN) on the upper surface of the sapphire window. Thanks to the high frame rate of the IR camera, the time evolution of the heat flux distribution at the solid surface can be reconstructed. A comparison of IR and 2cLIF techniques enable to correlate the heating of the liquid with the cooling of the wall. This reveals that most of the heat removed from the solid surface is devoted to the heating of the liquid, the energy used for liquid vaporization being significantly lower.The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Lorraine region through the CPER ENERBATIN projet.Chaze, W.; Castanet, G.; Caballina, O.; Maillet, D.; Pierson, J.; Lemoine, F. (2017). Instantaneous heat transfers at the impact of a droplet onto a hot surface in the film boiling regime. En Ilass Europe. 28th european conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 282-289. https://doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4636OCS28228

    La France emmêlée:Perspectives 2003-2004 pour l’économie française

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    Après trois années de forte croissance (3,6 % en moyenne de 1998 à 2000), la France a connu un ralentissement en 2001 (1,8 %) qui s’est prolongé en 2002 (1,2 %). Pour 2003 et 2004, nous faisons l’hypothèse que l’économie française progressera de manière modérée, à un rythme légèrement inférieur à celui de la zone euro : la croissance dans l’hexagone serait respectivement de 0,4 % et 1,5 % contre 0,5 % et 1,6 % pour la zone euro. La croissance française resterait inférieure à son potentiel, conséquence directe du comportement prudent des agents privés français face aux incertitudes sur la politique fiscale et des contraintes sur la politique budgétaire

    France : les illusions perdues:Perspectives 2003-2004 pour l’économie française

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    Après trois années de forte croissance (3,6 % en moyenne de 1998 à 2000), la France a connu un ralentissement en 2001 (1,8 %) qui s’est prolongé en 2002 (1,2 %). Pour 2003 et 2004, nous faisons l’hypothèse que l’économie française progressera de manière modérée, à un rythme légèrement inférieur à celui de la zone euro : la croissance dans l’Hexagone serait, en moyenne annuelle, de 0,8 % en 2003 et de 1,6 % en 2004 contre 0,9 % et 1,8 % pour la zone euro. La croissance française resterait inférieure à son potentiel, conséquence directe des ajustements faits pour rétablir le bilan des entreprises, des incertitudes sur la politique monétaire et des contraintes sur la politique budgétaire

    France : reprise à bas régime !:Perspectives 2004-2005 pour l'économie française

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    L’année 2004 est incontestablement une année de reprise. Alors que la croissance de l’économie française avait été pratiquement nulle en 2003 (0,5 % en moyenne annuelle), elle devrait atteindre, cette année, 2,5 %. Ce redémarrage de l’économie résulte pour l’essentiel de la croissance de la consommation des ménages, malgré un climat peu porteur — faiblesse du pouvoir d’achat due à un marché du travail peu dynamique et à une accélération de l’inflation. Pour consommer, les ménages ont réduit leur épargne et recouru à l’emprunt. Cette évolution a été favorisée par le faible niveau des taux d’intérêt. La première condition pour que la croissance dure en 2005 est donc le maintien des taux d’intérêt à un niveau faible. Mais il faut aussi, pour que la croissance soit durable, que s’enclenche une spirale vertueuse d’augmentation des investissements productifs et des créations d’emplois. La bonne situation financière des entreprises permet d’envisager la réalisation de ce scénario. La croissance devrait donc atteindre 2,6 % en 2005. Elle favoriserait, à terme, la baisse du chômage et la reprise de la hausse des salaires. Bien entendu, des risques existent qui pourraient conduire à une rechute de l’économie en 2005. Pour l’essentiel, ils émanent de l’environnement international : poursuite de la hausse des prix du pétrole, ralentissement marqué de la croissance dans le monde, etc. Les risques internes paraissent plus limités, même si le gouvernement prend le risque d’un retour trop rapide à l’équilibre des finances publiques, ce qui devrait peser sur la croissance de 2005 (– 0,4 %). L’éclatement éventuel de la bulle immobilière en cours pourrait également remettre en cause les perspectives positives de cette l’année prochaine.Following near zero growth in 2003, recovery has taken up in 2004 with an expected GDP increase of 2.5 %. Consumption constitutes the main engine for growth in a weak environment of low purchasing power - caused by a stagnant job market and accelerating inflation - where households, helped by low interest rates, resorted to borrowing and spending their previously accumulated savings. For growth to last over 2005, rates must therefore remain low, and investment and job creation need to finally catch up, thus fostering consumption. The present corporate financial health should allow 2.6 % GDP growth in 2005, which will in turn reduce unemployment and boost wages. Significant uncertainties remain though, both internationally (major oil crisis, global slowdown...) and, albeit to a lesser extent, internally (accelerated deficit-targeting fiscal crunch, already forecast to contribute – 0.4 % to growth; or house price bubble bust)
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