Stakeholder involvement in decision-making process: a test assessment towards transition to autonomous vehicles

Diverse stakeholder participation in transport planning is beneficial but difficult to achieve, as it deals with various levels of government, operators, users, and other interested parties. Furthermore, such planning is confined by issues of geography, economics and human demand, and in the case of transport it must integrate with other territorial constraints. The authors had an opportunity to carry out an accompanying research while municipalities or regional agencies establish a widened stakeholder involvement framework for municipalities including their surrounding ones, known as Functional Urban Area (FUA). In this process, aiming at optimizing commuter traffic, participating institutions are trying to set up a coordinating structure among various stakeholder in each FUA. To optimize the commuter traffic, a various new types of mobility services are considered as potential implementations such as ride sharing, car sharing, bike sharing, etc., as well as classical types of transport services such as public transport. In this paper, we present what kind of role each stakeholder can play for different types of measures towards environment-friendly commuter traffic. Following this, we present an assessment about how it may change along with the penetration of higher-level autonomous vehicles (AVs). It will add some extra roles to public authorities compared to today, especially as regulators and financers. Stakeholder involvement to address questions arising with the penetration of AVs onto the street will have to be carried out in a step-wise manner, starting with those having with endogenous motivation for sustainable mobility, and then being extended to further stakeholders

COMPASS: optimised co-modal passenger transport for reducing carbon emissions- user response to suggested ICT solutions.

This deliverable reports on the results of surveys accompanying COMPASS case studies.The analysis of a balanced set of cases in terms of topics and geographical coverage allows thediscussion of the effects of different conditions existing at different urbanisation levels on proposedICT solutions. Case studies have to build upon well researched data about user responses toproposed ITC solutions. To this effect several in-depth surveys were conducted in different setupsacross Europe. The following case studies have been based on surveys:Ø Case study 3 – Accessibility applications for disabled people.Ø Case study 4 - ITS solutions for Barcelona’s local bus network.Ø Case study 5 - Future interurban public transport in warminsko-mazurskie voivodship.Ø Case study 7 - Bike-sharing in Vienna and the surrounding region.Ø Case study 9 - Grass-root cooperative smart phone-based car-sharing.The survey methodologies depended on the needs of a particular case study. Instead of developing aone fits-all survey a tailored approach has been adopted. This was necessary due to the largedifference in both the considered ICT solutions and the characteristics of the survey areas. Thesurveys were based on various tools: questionnaires (field work, internet based, telephone based) aswell as interviews (focus groups, telephone interviews). Both qualitative and quantitative approacheswere utilised.The surveys were designed to provide a maximum of information needed for each of the case studies.Hence unequal number of surveys per case study. Some of the case studies are set in wellresearchedareas were much basic information was already known (e.g. London, Barcelona), whileothers are in peripheral and rural areas (e.g. warminsko-mazurskie, rural Austria). In the formerusually only one survey was necessary in order to gather data on the specifics of considered ICTs. Inthe latter more data gaps had to be filled, hence more than one survey was needed.The most important information collected through surveys for each case study could be summarisedas follows:Ø For CS 3 the user acceptance, usage and problems which can be solved with the use of specificICT solutions directed at disabled people have been researched.Ø For CS 4 the user opinions on positive and negative aspects of the TMB (Barcelona’s busoperator) solutions and the willingness to pay for additional services provided through ICT havebeen researched.Ø For CS 5 the user acceptance of proposed ICT solutions for public transport, barriers to theirintroduction, possibilities for modal shift due to the introduction of ICTs, user willingness to pay forICT applications, transferability potential of ICTs to rural areas have been researched.Ø For CS 7 user acceptance of different ICTs used for bicycle traffic and especially for bike-sharingschemes, conditions for development of bike related ICT’s and features of ICT’s which mightattract more users to bike-sharing have been researched.Ø For CS 9 advantages and disadvantages of solutions used alongside car sharing schemes, useracceptance, interest to participate, impacts of employed solutions on user behaviours have beenresearched.All data gathered through the surveys has been used for the development of case studies andprovides one basis for D6.2 An Assessment of the Potential Impact of ICT Solutions on a Co-ModalTransport System

COMPASS: optimised co-modal passenger transport for reducing carbon emissions- user response to suggested ICT solutions.

This deliverable reports on the results of surveys accompanying COMPASS case studies.The analysis of a balanced set of cases in terms of topics and geographical coverage allows thediscussion of the effects of different conditions existing at different urbanisation levels on proposedICT solutions. Case studies have to build upon well researched data about user responses toproposed ITC solutions. To this effect several in-depth surveys were conducted in different setupsacross Europe. The following case studies have been based on surveys:Ø Case study 3 – Accessibility applications for disabled people.Ø Case study 4 - ITS solutions for Barcelona’s local bus network.Ø Case study 5 - Future interurban public transport in warminsko-mazurskie voivodship.Ø Case study 7 - Bike-sharing in Vienna and the surrounding region.Ø Case study 9 - Grass-root cooperative smart phone-based car-sharing.The survey methodologies depended on the needs of a particular case study. Instead of developing aone fits-all survey a tailored approach has been adopted. This was necessary due to the largedifference in both the considered ICT solutions and the characteristics of the survey areas. Thesurveys were based on various tools: questionnaires (field work, internet based, telephone based) aswell as interviews (focus groups, telephone interviews). Both qualitative and quantitative approacheswere utilised.The surveys were designed to provide a maximum of information needed for each of the case studies.Hence unequal number of surveys per case study. Some of the case studies are set in wellresearchedareas were much basic information was already known (e.g. London, Barcelona), whileothers are in peripheral and rural areas (e.g. warminsko-mazurskie, rural Austria). In the formerusually only one survey was necessary in order to gather data on the specifics of considered ICTs. Inthe latter more data gaps had to be filled, hence more than one survey was needed.The most important information collected through surveys for each case study could be summarisedas follows:Ø For CS 3 the user acceptance, usage and problems which can be solved with the use of specificICT solutions directed at disabled people have been researched.Ø For CS 4 the user opinions on positive and negative aspects of the TMB (Barcelona’s busoperator) solutions and the willingness to pay for additional services provided through ICT havebeen researched.Ø For CS 5 the user acceptance of proposed ICT solutions for public transport, barriers to theirintroduction, possibilities for modal shift due to the introduction of ICTs, user willingness to pay forICT applications, transferability potential of ICTs to rural areas have been researched.Ø For CS 7 user acceptance of different ICTs used for bicycle traffic and especially for bike-sharingschemes, conditions for development of bike related ICT’s and features of ICT’s which mightattract more users to bike-sharing have been researched.Ø For CS 9 advantages and disadvantages of solutions used alongside car sharing schemes, useracceptance, interest to participate, impacts of employed solutions on user behaviours have beenresearched.All data gathered through the surveys has been used for the development of case studies andprovides one basis for D6.2 An Assessment of the Potential Impact of ICT Solutions on a Co-ModalTransport System

COMPASS: optimised co-modal passenger transport fro reducing carbon emissions - An assessment of the potential impact of ICT solutions on a co-modal transport system.

This deliverable is the synthesis of the work carried out in WP6 of the COMPASS project, centred onthe assessment of ITS transport solutions to improve co-modality in Europe.A framework for the assessment of solutions is provided in chapter 1 of this report. The assessmentframework is based on the experience gained in the INTERCONNECT and ORIGAMI FP7 projects.This framework is both applied in the COMPASS Handbook of ICT Solutions (developed in WP5) andin the Local Assessment of ICT Solutions based on case studies (developed in WP6).The Local Assessment of ICT Solutions is performed through a set of 11 case studies. Case studiesare selected in order to cover a representative range of technological solutions applied in arepresentative range of different territories in Europe. Potential transferability of solutions is alsodiscussed.The European Assessment of ICT Solutions is analysed by modelling a set of alternative ITSscenarios at EU-scale by means of the network model MOSAIC developed in the INTERCONNECTFP7 project (also applied in ORIGAMI FP7). Hypotheses for scenarios are based on the findingsprovided by the Local Assessment of ICT Solutions and the COMPASS Handbook of ITS Solutions

COMPASS: optimised co-modal passenger transport fro reducing carbon emissions - An assessment of the potential impact of ICT solutions on a co-modal transport system.

This deliverable is the synthesis of the work carried out in WP6 of the COMPASS project, centred onthe assessment of ITS transport solutions to improve co-modality in Europe.A framework for the assessment of solutions is provided in chapter 1 of this report. The assessmentframework is based on the experience gained in the INTERCONNECT and ORIGAMI FP7 projects.This framework is both applied in the COMPASS Handbook of ICT Solutions (developed in WP5) andin the Local Assessment of ICT Solutions based on case studies (developed in WP6).The Local Assessment of ICT Solutions is performed through a set of 11 case studies. Case studiesare selected in order to cover a representative range of technological solutions applied in arepresentative range of different territories in Europe. Potential transferability of solutions is alsodiscussed.The European Assessment of ICT Solutions is analysed by modelling a set of alternative ITSscenarios at EU-scale by means of the network model MOSAIC developed in the INTERCONNECTFP7 project (also applied in ORIGAMI FP7). Hypotheses for scenarios are based on the findingsprovided by the Local Assessment of ICT Solutions and the COMPASS Handbook of ITS Solutions

Compass: Optimised co-modal passenger transport fro reducing carbon emissions: Handbook of ICT solutions for improving co-modality in passenger transport.

The COMPASS Handbook of ICT Solutions puts together a set of 96 solutions applying to urban andmetropolitan mobility, long distance passenger transport and also innovative ICT solutions aimed atincreasing the quality of transport services in areas where demand levels are low, like rural or sparselypopulated regions.The COMPASS Handbook of ICT Solutions is available in a paper edition and in an online internetversion accessible at http://www.fp7-compass.eu/.The ICT solutions presented in the COMPASS Handbook are classified in the next five broadcategories:1. Transportation management systems, solutions aimed at helping to plan and runningefficiently the transport system.This section includes solutions for urban transport management (e.g. smart signalmanagement or signal priority for public transport), for road management (e.g. ramp meteringor congestion monitoring based on smart phones), for improving air operation (e.g. air trafficcontrol applications allowing planes to fly in direct paths point to point), rail operation (e.g.ETCS or GMS-R) and maritime operation (e.g. quicker and more complete vesselidentification protocols via AIS).2. Traveller information systems, in which the key characteristic is to assist the traveller withseveral parts of information (travel time, routes, traffic conditions, etc);This section includes solutions aimed at better guiding passengers through the transportnetwork (e.g. airport interactive maps on tablets assisting passengers around large transportterminals, or augmented reality applications easily guiding public transport users to the closestbus station), travel planners (e.g. door-to-door multimodal travel planners consideringcongestion and transport service schedules), solutions aimed at delivering transportinformation to travellers on real-time (e.g. cooperative P2P applications based e.g. on twitterto monitor transport networks’ status and alert on eventual service disruptions) and othersmart phone apps designed to make journey planning easier for travellers (e.g. smart phonebased travel assistants grouping travel tickets, hotel bookings, boarding passes… or smartseat allocation algorithms based on the traveller social network profile (e.g. facebook, linkdin)).Smart ticketing and tolling applications, addressing new ways to get tickets and to pay forusing transport services;This section includes upcoming solutions for road toll payment with low affectation on trafficflow (e.g. free-flow transponder-based toll payment compatible in multiple countries),automated access management (e.g. high occupancy vehicle identification at toll plazasbased on automatic camera occupation detection), and on innovative formats for paying publictransport tickets or parking charges (e.g. via SMS or smart cards).4. Smart vehicles and infrastructure, including ICTs aimed at improving vehicle efficiency perse and vehicle intelligence as a result of increased vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) and vehicleto vehicle (V2V) communications;This section includes upcoming solutions enhancing vehicle safety and driving comfort andaccuracy (e.g. traffic jam assistants or self-parking cars), and for increasing vehicleintelligence via communications between vehicles (e.g. vanet V2V networks, automaticallydriven car trains), and via vehicle to infrastructure communications (e.g. informationtransmission on weather and road surface condition from road infrastructure to rollingvehicles).5. Demand responsive transport (DRT) and shared mobility systems, which includestransport solutions enabled by ICT solutions to set up innovative transport services adjusted todemand and allowing users to share vehicles.This section includes upcoming solutions aimed at addressing the more and more popularconcept of shared mobility (e.g. car sharing, car pooling, sharing car parks), and otherinnovative solutions based on demand responsive systems, specially suited for deliveringefficient transport solutions when transport demand is too low for conventional public transportservices.The handbook can be used in a number of different ways, but two main entry points are provided foreasy navigation.A. All ICT solutions have been synthesised in section 0.5.2 in abstracts of less than 10 lineseach. This is intended for quick understanding of each of the solution’s concept and problemsthat it addresses.B. If the user has candidate solutions in mind, the synthesis of solutions by performance insection 0.5.1 allows to quickly compare solutions and identify which one applies better.Each of the Handbook’s solutions is identified with a unique numerical ID,Ø Indicating the family and subfamiliy it belongs to;Ø Indicating the chapter in the Handbook where the solution might be expected to be found in;Ø Indicating the ID of the solution in the online Handbook accessible at http://www.fp7-compass.eu/For each solution in the handbook, the following information may be expected in the systematicallyestablished factsheet structure:Ø A synthesis of the fundamental characteristics of each solution: name, family, subfamily, domainof application (urban, rural, long-distance transport), technology behind, implementation status(existing, pilot, concept)Ø Links to all reference documents behind the reporting of each solution, and any other relevantreference or interesting link.Ø A brief description of the solution;Ø A short description of the problems it seeks to address;Ø A summary of its applicability described in terms of pre-requisites and barriers to implementation;Ø The circumstances in which it would be particularly appropriate and the circumstances in which itwould be inappropriate or difficult to implement;Ø A commentary on the scores recorded in the matrix for this solution;Ø Comments on any other impacts that are particularly relevant for this particular solution; andØ Multimedia contents better illustrating the nature of the solution.The online handbook allows, in addition, visualising multimedia materials illustrating the insights ofdifferent ICT solutions. Users in the online handbook can also post comments to each of thefactsheets providing additional insights or questions to a particular solution, and rate them in relation to its interest.All solutions are documented in the COMPASS Handbook based on existing examples of theirapplication.Text in the reporting body of each solution factsheet may literally cite original sources. All referencesto original sources are included at the beginning of each solution factsheet.In chapter 6 of the Handbook, four business models are discussed for the applications listed below.Business models are discussed on the basis of product, customer interface, infrastructuremanagement and financial aspects.Ø Shared Bike SystemsØ Share TaxisØ Mobile Traveller Information SystemsØ Car Park Management SystemsEach model is presented in a schematic and easily readable format, in four sections defined on thebasis of the pillars mentioned above where the nine major elements of he business model aredescribed. Each model has been discussed with industry and academic experts, after the investigationand design works.A strategy overview is given by the SWOT analysis elaborated for each business domain, in order toprovide a full view of both the money earning and the strategic logic

Compass: Optimised co-modal passenger transport fro reducing carbon emissions: Handbook of ICT solutions for improving co-modality in passenger transport.

The COMPASS Handbook of ICT Solutions puts together a set of 96 solutions applying to urban andmetropolitan mobility, long distance passenger transport and also innovative ICT solutions aimed atincreasing the quality of transport services in areas where demand levels are low, like rural or sparselypopulated regions.The COMPASS Handbook of ICT Solutions is available in a paper edition and in an online internetversion accessible at http://www.fp7-compass.eu/.The ICT solutions presented in the COMPASS Handbook are classified in the next five broadcategories:1. Transportation management systems, solutions aimed at helping to plan and runningefficiently the transport system.This section includes solutions for urban transport management (e.g. smart signalmanagement or signal priority for public transport), for road management (e.g. ramp meteringor congestion monitoring based on smart phones), for improving air operation (e.g. air trafficcontrol applications allowing planes to fly in direct paths point to point), rail operation (e.g.ETCS or GMS-R) and maritime operation (e.g. quicker and more complete vesselidentification protocols via AIS).2. Traveller information systems, in which the key characteristic is to assist the traveller withseveral parts of information (travel time, routes, traffic conditions, etc);This section includes solutions aimed at better guiding passengers through the transportnetwork (e.g. airport interactive maps on tablets assisting passengers around large transportterminals, or augmented reality applications easily guiding public transport users to the closestbus station), travel planners (e.g. door-to-door multimodal travel planners consideringcongestion and transport service schedules), solutions aimed at delivering transportinformation to travellers on real-time (e.g. cooperative P2P applications based e.g. on twitterto monitor transport networks’ status and alert on eventual service disruptions) and othersmart phone apps designed to make journey planning easier for travellers (e.g. smart phonebased travel assistants grouping travel tickets, hotel bookings, boarding passes… or smartseat allocation algorithms based on the traveller social network profile (e.g. facebook, linkdin)).Smart ticketing and tolling applications, addressing new ways to get tickets and to pay forusing transport services;This section includes upcoming solutions for road toll payment with low affectation on trafficflow (e.g. free-flow transponder-based toll payment compatible in multiple countries),automated access management (e.g. high occupancy vehicle identification at toll plazasbased on automatic camera occupation detection), and on innovative formats for paying publictransport tickets or parking charges (e.g. via SMS or smart cards).4. Smart vehicles and infrastructure, including ICTs aimed at improving vehicle efficiency perse and vehicle intelligence as a result of increased vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) and vehicleto vehicle (V2V) communications;This section includes upcoming solutions enhancing vehicle safety and driving comfort andaccuracy (e.g. traffic jam assistants or self-parking cars), and for increasing vehicleintelligence via communications between vehicles (e.g. vanet V2V networks, automaticallydriven car trains), and via vehicle to infrastructure communications (e.g. informationtransmission on weather and road surface condition from road infrastructure to rollingvehicles).5. Demand responsive transport (DRT) and shared mobility systems, which includestransport solutions enabled by ICT solutions to set up innovative transport services adjusted todemand and allowing users to share vehicles.This section includes upcoming solutions aimed at addressing the more and more popularconcept of shared mobility (e.g. car sharing, car pooling, sharing car parks), and otherinnovative solutions based on demand responsive systems, specially suited for deliveringefficient transport solutions when transport demand is too low for conventional public transportservices.The handbook can be used in a number of different ways, but two main entry points are provided foreasy navigation.A. All ICT solutions have been synthesised in section 0.5.2 in abstracts of less than 10 lineseach. This is intended for quick understanding of each of the solution’s concept and problemsthat it addresses.B. If the user has candidate solutions in mind, the synthesis of solutions by performance insection 0.5.1 allows to quickly compare solutions and identify which one applies better.Each of the Handbook’s solutions is identified with a unique numerical ID,Ø Indicating the family and subfamiliy it belongs to;Ø Indicating the chapter in the Handbook where the solution might be expected to be found in;Ø Indicating the ID of the solution in the online Handbook accessible at http://www.fp7-compass.eu/For each solution in the handbook, the following information may be expected in the systematicallyestablished factsheet structure:Ø A synthesis of the fundamental characteristics of each solution: name, family, subfamily, domainof application (urban, rural, long-distance transport), technology behind, implementation status(existing, pilot, concept)Ø Links to all reference documents behind the reporting of each solution, and any other relevantreference or interesting link.Ø A brief description of the solution;Ø A short description of the problems it seeks to address;Ø A summary of its applicability described in terms of pre-requisites and barriers to implementation;Ø The circumstances in which it would be particularly appropriate and the circumstances in which itwould be inappropriate or difficult to implement;Ø A commentary on the scores recorded in the matrix for this solution;Ø Comments on any other impacts that are particularly relevant for this particular solution; andØ Multimedia contents better illustrating the nature of the solution.The online handbook allows, in addition, visualising multimedia materials illustrating the insights ofdifferent ICT solutions. Users in the online handbook can also post comments to each of thefactsheets providing additional insights or questions to a particular solution, and rate them in relation to its interest.All solutions are documented in the COMPASS Handbook based on existing examples of theirapplication.Text in the reporting body of each solution factsheet may literally cite original sources. All referencesto original sources are included at the beginning of each solution factsheet.In chapter 6 of the Handbook, four business models are discussed for the applications listed below.Business models are discussed on the basis of product, customer interface, infrastructuremanagement and financial aspects.Ø Shared Bike SystemsØ Share TaxisØ Mobile Traveller Information SystemsØ Car Park Management SystemsEach model is presented in a schematic and easily readable format, in four sections defined on thebasis of the pillars mentioned above where the nine major elements of he business model aredescribed. Each model has been discussed with industry and academic experts, after the investigationand design works.A strategy overview is given by the SWOT analysis elaborated for each business domain, in order toprovide a full view of both the money earning and the strategic logic