Etude des fragments de fission au point de scission avec le modèle SPY

Although discovered 75 years ago, nuclear fission is still under investigation. Indeed, the understanding of this phenomenon still presents theoretical difficulties due to its complexity. This requires a good understanding of the structure of atomic nucleus and at the same time a detailed description of the mechanisms driving the evolution of a fissioning system.A new statistical scission point model named SPY (Scission Point Yields) is developped to model the fission mechanism and determine nascent fragments characteristics (yields, kinetic energy, excitation energy). This model is based on the Wilkins model developed in 1976. It consists in a statistical description of the fission process at the scission point where fragments are completely defined and well separated. One of the main advance brought by SPY model is the introduction of microscopic description of the nuclear structure in the calculation of the energy of the system at scission. Therefore, this model can be regarded as a theoretical laboratory for fission modeling since it allows to study the relationship between fission fragments properties and their nuclear structure.With SPY, we were able to calculate the properties of fragments and to identify global trends for about 3000 fissioning nuclei from Z=70 to Z=109 and from proton drip line to neutron drip line.After a general presentation of SPY model, results for thermal fission of uranium 235 and spontaneous fission of 252 californium are compared with experimental data. A systematic study over all currently synthesized nuclei is also done before extending this study beyond the synthesizable nuclei area. Finally the main developments of the model performed will be detailed.The first one is related to calcultation of the Coulomb interaction energy between the two fragments. The charge distributions from microscopic calculations are introduced to improve the calculation of the energy of Coulomb interaction. The ability to redefine the scission point of the system thanks to these distributions will also be discussed. The second development concerns the relationship between nucleus modeling and observables related to fission fragments. On the one hand, different models of the nucleus to calculate the individual energy of the fragments, such as liquid drop model, will be considered and the impact of the choice of the nucleus modeling will be studied. On the other hand, the impact of the inclusion of the nuclear structure of the fragments in the calculation of states densities on observable will be studied.Bien que découverte il y a 75 ans, la fission nucléaire fait toujours l'objet de recherches. En effet, la compréhension de ce phénomène présente encore des difficultés théoriques dues à sa complexité. Cela nécessite une bonne compréhension de la structure du noyau de l'atome ainsi qu'une description détaillée du mécanisme pilotant l'évolution du système fissionnant.Un nouveau modèle statistique, appelé SPY (Scission Point Yields), a été développé pour déterminer les caractéristiques des fragments (rendements de fission, énergie cinétique, énergie d¹excitation). Ce modèle est basé sur le modèle de Wilkins développé en 1976. Il consiste en une description statistique du processus de fission au point de scission où les fragments sont complètement définis. L'une des principales avancées du modèle SPY est l'introduction de la description microscopique de la structure nucléaire dans le calcul de l'énergie du système à la scission.Il permet d'étudier la relation entre les propriétés des fragments et leur structure nucléaire. Avec le modèle SPY, il est possible de calculer les propriétés des fragments et d'identifier les tendances globales pour environ 3000 noyaux fissionnants de Z=70 à Z=109, de la drip line neutron jusqu'à la drip line proton.Après une présentation générale de la version de référence du modèle SPY, les résultats obtenus pour la fission thermique de l'uranium 235 et la fission spontanée du californium 252 sont comparés aux données expérimentales. Une étude systématique sur l'ensemble des noyaux actuellement synthétisés est également menée avant d'étendre cette étude bien au-delà de la zone des noyaux synthétisables. Deux développements seront ensuite détaillés. Le premier concerne la manière de calculer l'énergie d'interaction coulombienne entre les deux fragments. Les distributions de charges issues de calculs microscopiques seront introduites afin d'améliorer le calcul de l'énergie d'interaction coulombienne. La possibilité de redéfinir le point de scission du système grâce à ces distributions de charge sera également discuté.Le deuxième développement porte sur le lien entre la modélisation du noyau et les observables associées aux fragments de fission. D'une part, différents modèles du noyau pour le calcul de l'énergie individuelle des fragments, tel que le modèle de la goutte liquide, seront envisagés et l'impact du choix de la modélisation du noyau sera étudiée.D'autre part, l'impact de la prise en compte de la structure nucléaire des fragments dans le calcul des densités d'états sur les observables sera étudié

An integrative view of senescence in nature

International audienceJean-Michel Gaillard and Jean-François Lemaître have contributed equally and both should be considered as first author

Going beyond Lifespan in Comparative Biology of Aging

International audienceOver the last few decades, comparative biology of aging has aimed toidentify factors responsible for the huge variability in lifespan observedacross the animal kingdom. While these studies have undeniablyimproved our understanding of the complex processes that shape lifespan,we argue that time has now come to focus on specific aging metrics (e.g.,age at the onset of aging, rate of aging) rather than on lifespan. Such a shiftin research programs would help decipher the fine-scale mechanismsshaping age-specific mortality profiles across the tree of lif

Female reproductive senescence across mammals: A high diversity of patterns modulated by life history and mating traits

International audienc

Assessing the Diversity of the Form of Age-Specific Changes in Adult Mortality from Captive Mammalian Populations

International audienceActuarial senescence (i.e., the age-specific increase in mortality rate) is pervasive across mammalian species, but our current understanding of the diversity of forms that actuarial senescence displays across species remains limited. Although several mathematical models have been proposed to model actuarial senescence, there is still no consensus on which model to use, especially when comparing mortality patterns among species. To fill this knowledge gap, we fitted and compared different forms of increase using models commonly used in senescence studies (i.e., Gompertz, Weibull, and logistic) across 61 species of mammalian captive populations using the Bayesian Survival Trajectory Analysis (BaSTA) approach. For as much as 79% of the species, a Gompertz increase of mortality with age was the most parsimonious model that satisfactorily described the shape of age-specific mortality changes in adults. This highlights that the form of the increase in mortality is mostly consistent across mammalian species and follows the Gompertz rule with some rare exceptions. The implications of that result are twofold. First, the Gompertz rate of mortality increase should be used in cross-species comparative analyses of mammals, as already done in some studies. Second, although the Gompertz model accurately describes actuarial senescence in most mammals, there are notable exceptions, and the factors causing this deviation from an exponential mortality increase during the adult stage warrant further investigation

Asynchrony of actuarial and reproductive senescence: a lesson from an indeterminate grower

International audienceAging evolutionary theories predict that patterns of actuarial and reproductive senescence should be aligned, with a common onset of senescence set at the age of first reproduction. However, a few empirical studies reported asynchrony between actuarial and reproductive senescence. This asynchrony is expected to be particularly pronounced in organisms with indeterminate growth. Yet, this process is still poorly documented due to the lack of long-term demographic data on knownaged individuals. We investigated the asynchrony of actuarial and reproductive senescence in th

Variation in the ontogenetic allometry of horn length in bovids along a body mass continuum

International audienceAllometric relationships describe patterns of proportional covariation between morphological, physiological, or life-history traits and the size of the organisms among populations or species (evolutionary allometry), or within population, among individuals measured at similar (static allometry), or different (ontogenetic allometry) age or developmental stages. When expressed on a log-log scale, allometric relationships are often described by a linear regression: log(y) = a + b log(x) where y is the trait size; x the body size; and a and b the allometric intercept and slope, respectively (Huxley, 1932). Because population and species mean trait size and body size used to estimate evolutionary allometry result from the proportional growth of both traits, patterns of evolutionary allometry emerge from variation in ontogenetic allom

Is degree of sociality associated with reproductive senescence? A comparative analysis across birds and mammals

Our understanding on how widespread reproductive senescence is in the w ild and how the onset and rate of reproductive senescence vary among species in relation to life histories and lifestyles is currently limited. More specifically, whether the species-specific degree of sociality is linked to the occurrence, onset and rate of reproductive senescence remains unknown. Here, we investigate these questions using phylogenetic comparative analyses across 36 bird and 101 mammal species encompassing a wide array of life histories, lifestyles and social traits. We found that female reproductive senescence (1) is widespread and occurs with similar frequency (about two thirds) in birds and mammals; (2) occurs later in life and is slower in birds than in similar-sized mammals; (3) occurs later in life and is lower with an increasingly slower pace of life in both vertebrate classes; and (4) is only weakly associated, if any, with the degree of sociality in both classes after accounting for the effect of body size and pace of life. However, when removing the effect of species differences in pace of life, a higher degree of sociality was associated with later and weaker reproductive senescence in females, which suggests that degree of sociality is either indirectly related to reproductive senescence via the pace of life or simply a direct outcome of the pace of life

Fission fragments study at scission point with SPY model

Bien que découverte il y a 75 ans, la fission nucléaire fait toujours l'objet de recherches. En effet, la compréhension de ce phénomène présente encore des difficultés théoriques dues à sa complexité. Cela nécessite une bonne compréhension de la structure du noyau de l'atome ainsi qu'une description détaillée du mécanisme pilotant l'évolution du système fissionnant.Un nouveau modèle statistique, appelé SPY (Scission Point Yields), a été développé pour déterminer les caractéristiques des fragments (rendements de fission, énergie cinétique, énergie d¹excitation). Ce modèle est basé sur le modèle de Wilkins développé en 1976. Il consiste en une description statistique du processus de fission au point de scission où les fragments sont complètement définis. L'une des principales avancées du modèle SPY est l'introduction de la description microscopique de la structure nucléaire dans le calcul de l'énergie du système à la scission.Il permet d'étudier la relation entre les propriétés des fragments et leur structure nucléaire. Avec le modèle SPY, il est possible de calculer les propriétés des fragments et d'identifier les tendances globales pour environ 3000 noyaux fissionnants de Z=70 à Z=109, de la drip line neutron jusqu'à la drip line proton.Après une présentation générale de la version de référence du modèle SPY, les résultats obtenus pour la fission thermique de l'uranium 235 et la fission spontanée du californium 252 sont comparés aux données expérimentales. Une étude systématique sur l'ensemble des noyaux actuellement synthétisés est également menée avant d'étendre cette étude bien au-delà de la zone des noyaux synthétisables. Deux développements seront ensuite détaillés. Le premier concerne la manière de calculer l'énergie d'interaction coulombienne entre les deux fragments. Les distributions de charges issues de calculs microscopiques seront introduites afin d'améliorer le calcul de l'énergie d'interaction coulombienne. La possibilité de redéfinir le point de scission du système grâce à ces distributions de charge sera également discuté.Le deuxième développement porte sur le lien entre la modélisation du noyau et les observables associées aux fragments de fission. D'une part, différents modèles du noyau pour le calcul de l'énergie individuelle des fragments, tel que le modèle de la goutte liquide, seront envisagés et l'impact du choix de la modélisation du noyau sera étudiée.D'autre part, l'impact de la prise en compte de la structure nucléaire des fragments dans le calcul des densités d'états sur les observables sera étudié.Although discovered 75 years ago, nuclear fission is still under investigation. Indeed, the understanding of this phenomenon still presents theoretical difficulties due to its complexity. This requires a good understanding of the structure of atomic nucleus and at the same time a detailed description of the mechanisms driving the evolution of a fissioning system.A new statistical scission point model named SPY (Scission Point Yields) is developped to model the fission mechanism and determine nascent fragments characteristics (yields, kinetic energy, excitation energy). This model is based on the Wilkins model developed in 1976. It consists in a statistical description of the fission process at the scission point where fragments are completely defined and well separated. One of the main advance brought by SPY model is the introduction of microscopic description of the nuclear structure in the calculation of the energy of the system at scission. Therefore, this model can be regarded as a theoretical laboratory for fission modeling since it allows to study the relationship between fission fragments properties and their nuclear structure.With SPY, we were able to calculate the properties of fragments and to identify global trends for about 3000 fissioning nuclei from Z=70 to Z=109 and from proton drip line to neutron drip line.After a general presentation of SPY model, results for thermal fission of uranium 235 and spontaneous fission of 252 californium are compared with experimental data. A systematic study over all currently synthesized nuclei is also done before extending this study beyond the synthesizable nuclei area. Finally the main developments of the model performed will be detailed.The first one is related to calcultation of the Coulomb interaction energy between the two fragments. The charge distributions from microscopic calculations are introduced to improve the calculation of the energy of Coulomb interaction. The ability to redefine the scission point of the system thanks to these distributions will also be discussed. The second development concerns the relationship between nucleus modeling and observables related to fission fragments. On the one hand, different models of the nucleus to calculate the individual energy of the fragments, such as liquid drop model, will be considered and the impact of the choice of the nucleus modeling will be studied. On the other hand, the impact of the inclusion of the nuclear structure of the fragments in the calculation of states densities on observable will be studied

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development

International audienc