Korelacija između koncentracije receptora 2 faktora nekroze tumora u serumu i destrukcije parodoncijuma kod bolesnika sa dijabetes melitusom tip 2 - studija preseka

Introduction: The role of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is well documented in pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis (CP) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Considering short half-life of TNFα, tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNFR2) is used as prosperous surrogate marker of TNFα activity. Objective The aim was to detect TNFR2 serum concentration and correlate it with periodontal destruction in patients with diagnosed T2D and nondiabetics. Methods The study included 85 patients divided into three groups: T2D + CP (group T2D, n = 34); nondiabetics + CP (Group PD, n = 27); and healthy controls (group HC, n = 24). T2D was diagnosed according to WHO criteria (2013) and periodontitis was diagnosed using International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions criteria (1999). TNFR2 level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results There was no difference in TNFR2 level among the groups (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0.482). Significant correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient) was observed between clinical attachment loss (CAL) and TNFR2 concentration in PD group (rp = -0.460, p = 0.016). In T2D group, correlations were observed between TNFR2 concentration and CaL (rp = 0.363, p = 0.005) and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) (rp = 0.345, p = 0.046) and periodontalepithelial surface area (PESA) (rp = 0.578, p = 0.000). Conclusion Higher concentration of TNFR2 was associated with higher CAL, PESA, and PISA scores in T2D group. Contrary to that, nondiabetics with higher values of CAL exhibited lower concentration of TNFR2, presenting potential protective effect on periodontal destruction. These results imply that diabetes may alter TNFR2 secretion originated from periodontium.Uvod: Uloga faktora nekroze tumora-alfa (TNFα) dokazana je u patogenezi hronične parodontopatije (HP) i dijabetesa melitusa tipa 2 (DM tip 2). S obzirom na to da je poluživot TNFα veoma kratak, receptor 2 faktora nekroze tumora (TNFR2) koristi se kao marker aktivnosti TNFα. Cilj rada Cilj ovog rada je određivanje koncentracije TNFR2 u serumu i koreliranje sa parametrima destrukcije parodoncijuma kod zdravih i ispitanika sa dijagnostikovanim DM tip 2. Metode rada U studiju je uključeno 85 pacijenata podeljenih u tri grupe: DM tip 2 + HP (DM grupa, n = 34), zdravi ispitanici + HP (PD grupa, n = 27) i zdrave kontrole (ZK grupa, n = 24). Dijagnoza DM tip 2 postavljena je na osnovu kriterijuma SZO (2013), dok je dijagnoza HP postavljena na osnovu kriterijuma Internacionalne radionice za klasifikaciju stanja i oboljenja parodoncijuma (1999). Koncentracija TNFR2 merena je ELISA metodom. Rezultati Koncentracija serumskog TNFR2 nije se razlikovala među grupama (Kraskal-Volis, p = 0,482). Postoji značajna korelacija (Pirson) između nivoa pripojnog epitela (NPE) i koncentracije TNFR2 u PD grupi (rp = -0,460, p = 0,016). U DM tip 2 grupi, statistički značajna korelacija uočena je između koncentracije TNFR2 i NPE (rp = 0,363, p = 0,005), kao i parametara uticaja inflamacije iz parodoncijuma na sistemsko zdravlje - PISA (rp = 0,345, p = 0,046) i PESA (rp = 0,578, p = 0,000). Zaključak Kod pacijenata sa dijabetesom veće koncentracije TNFR2 odgovaraju većim vrednostima NPE, PESA i PISA. Nasuprot tome, kod sistemski zdravih ispitanika sa HP veće vrednosti NPE su povezane sa manjim koncentracijama TNFR2, što bi moglo govoriti o potencijalnoj zaštitnoj ulozi ovog citokina na destrukciju parodoncijuma. Rezultati govore da dijabetes može uticati na sekreciju TNFR2 iz parodoncijuma

Hemijski sastav i antioksidantna aktivnost metanolnog ekstrakta kore stabla Sorbus torminalis

Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (Rosaceae), also known as wild service tree, is a deciduous tree widespread in central and southern Europe, north-western Africa, western Asia, the Balkan Peninsula and the Caucasus (1, 2). Species of the genus Sorbus represent a rich source of polyphenols that are responsible for their numerous proven effects, including anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-atherogenic effect. Accordingly, the bark of S. torminalis could have interesting composition and effects, however, data about this herbal drug is insufficient (1). Bark dry methanol extract (DER 9.74:1), obtained after successive extraction with cyclohexane and dichloromethane, was analyzed for antioxidant potential using DPPH and FRAP assay. Contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were determined using spectrophotometric methods based on reaction with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FC), reaction with aluminum-chloride and adsorption by hide powder in combination with reaction with FC, respectively. LC-DAD-ESI- MS analysis was used for identification of main extract constituents. In DPPH test IC50 value 8.66±0.07 μg/mL was shown, while result of FRAP test was 3.01±0.11 μmol Fe 2+ /mg of dry extract. Contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were 0.39±0.06 mg GA/mg of dry extract, 0.035±0.019% and 1.3±0.08%, respectively. By LC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis 25 compounds were detected among which procyanidins (dimers, trimers and tetramers) are dominant. The results of this study showed that dry methanol extract of S. torminalis bark is rich in procyanidins which potentially contribute to its antioxidant activity. Additional significant effects of this herbal drug and its isolated compounds should be investigated in future studies.Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (Rosaceae) je listopadno drvo, u narodu poznato pod nazivom brekinja. Rasprostranjeno je širom centralne i južne Evrope, severozapadne Afrike, zapadne Azije, Balkanskog poluostrva i Kavkaza (1, 2). Vrste roda Sorbus predstavljaju bogat izvor polifenola koji su odgovorni za njihove brojne dokazane efekte, uključuju antidijaroični, antiinflamatorni, antidijabetski, antioksidantni i antiaterogeni efekat. U skladu sa tim, kora S. torminalis mogla bi imati interesantan sastav i efekte, međutim, o ovoj biljnoj drogi nema dovoljno podataka (1). Antioksidantna aktivnost suvog metanolnog ekstrakta kore stabla (DER 9,74:1), dobijenog nakon sukcesivne ekstrakcije cikloheksanom i dihlormetanom, analizirana je DPPH i FRAP testom. Sadržaji ukupnih polifenola, flavonoida i tanina određeni su spektrofotometrijskim metodama koje se zasnivaju na reakciji sa Folin‐Ciocalteu reagensom (FC), reakciji sa aluminijum-hloridom i na adsorpciji na kožni prah u kombinaciji sa reakcijom sa FC reagensom, redom. LC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS analiza korišćena je za identifikaciju glavnih sastojaka ekstrakta. U DPPH testu dobijena je IC50 vrednost 8,66±0,07 μg/mL, a rezultat FRAP testa bio je 3,01±0,11 μmol Fe 2+ /mg suvog ekstrakta. Sadžaj ukupnih polifenola bio je 0,39±0,06 mg GA/mg suvog ekstrakta, flavonoida 0,035±0,019%, a tanina 1,3±0,08%. LC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS analizom detektovano je 25 jedinjenja od kojih su dominantni procijanidini (dimeri, trimeri i tetrameri). Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su da je suvi metanolni ekstrakt kore stabla S. torminalis bogat procijanidinima koji potencijalno doprinose njegovoj antioksidantnoj aktivnosti. Dodatne značajne efekte ove biljne droge i njenih izolovanih jedinjenja trebalo bi ispitati u budućim istraživanjima.VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beogra

Black Trumpet, Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers.: Culinary Mushroom with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activity

Nutritional value and chemical composition, including the content of vitamins, fatty acids, 5'-nucleotides and nucleosides and amino acids, as well as biological activities, including antioxidant, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and cytotoxic activity of black trumpet (Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers.) were tested in vitro. C. cornucopioides was low in energy, fat and carbohydrate contents, but rich in dietary fibre, especially β-glucan as well as niacin and α-tocopherol. The content of essential and non-essential free amino acids was 1.49 and 5.48 mg/g dry weight (dw). The nucleosides and 5'-nucleotides were determined at 1.84 and 3.99 mg/g dw, respectively. The share of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) was 75.92% with oleic acid as the major UFA. Cyclohexane and dichloromethane extracts expressed significant cytotoxic activity against selected cell lines, human epithelial cervical cancer cells (HeLa), adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549), colorectal cancer cells (LS174) and normal MRC-5 human embryonic lung fibroblast cells (IC50 of 78.3-155.6 μg/mL). ACE inhibitory activity of the aqueous extract was strong with an IC50 of 0.74 μg/mL. It can be concluded that black trumpet is a good source of nutrients, such as vitamins, dietary fibres, amino acids, nucleotides and fatty acids, which contribute to the overall nutritional value of this fungus with potential for ACE inhibitory activity and use in anti-hypertensive diet

Imedijatno opterećenje implantata fiksnim zubnim nadoknadama - studija na psima

Background/Aim. Immediate loading is considered to be the most innovative technique in contemporary implant dentistry. Recent clinical and experimental findings have demonstrated that only implants with high primary stability can be subjected to immediate loading protocol with predictable results. It is generally accepted that the most important prerequsite for successful osseointegration is achievement and maintenance of implant stability. The aim of this in vivo study was to investigate the possibility for successful application of immediate loading protocol in implant systems with different surface properties. Methods. In the experimental study 2 mongrel dogs were edentulated bilaterally in the mandibular and maxillary premolar areas. After 3 months implants were placed in a pattern 4 different commercially available implants per quadrant (n = 32): Mk III TiUnite (Nobel Biocare, Sweden), ITI TPS (Straumann, Switzerland), 3IOsseotite (Implant Innovation, USA) and XiVE Cell-Plus (Friadent, Germany). Implants were subjected to immediate loading with 4 unit gold cast bridges, 2 days post implantation. The assessment of implant stability and immediate loading possibilities were done by performing Resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Results. After a 6- month loading period all bridges were in function and all implants occurred well osseointegrated. When summarizing the Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ) values, it was noted that resonance frequency was significantly higher for mandibular implants. The results of this experimental setting showed that all evaluated surfaces achieved good implant stability. Increase of ISQ values was found for all implants in the mandible and partially decrease of ISQ values for maxillary implants after 6 months of functional loading with 4 unit bridges. Conclusions. Investigated endooseal implants did not show different degree of osseointegration, because there was not statistically significant difference among observed parameters (ISQh i ISQp) between implant systems.Uvod/Cilj. Imedijatno opterećenje implantata smatra se jednim od najznačajnijih dostignuća savremene dentalne implantologije. Rezultati novijih kliničkih i eksperimentalnih studija pokazali su da samo implantati visoke primarne stabilnosti mogu biti izloženi protokolu imedijatnog opterećenja zubnom nadoknadom sa predvidivim ishodom. Cilj studije bio je da se ispita mogućnost uspešne primene protokola imedijatnog opterećenja implantata različitog mikrodizajna fiksnim zubnim nadoknadama. Metode. U eksperimentalno istraživanje uključena su dva psa, obezubljena obostrano u premolarnoj regiji gornje i donje vilice. Nakon tri meseca od ekstrakcije zuba, ugrađena su, po predviđenoj šemi, četiri različita implantata po kvadrantu (n = 32): Mk III TiUnite (Nobel Biocare, Sweden), ITI TPS (Straumann, Switzerland), 3I-Osseotite (Implant Innovation, USA) i XiVE Cell-Plus (Friadent, Germany). Implantati su imedijatno opterećeni fiksnim zubnim nadoknadama, četvoročlanim mostovima od plemenite legure zlato-platina, dva dana posle implantacije. Stabilnost implantata i mogućnost imedijatnog opterećenja ocenjivana je na osnovu analize rezonantnih frekvencija (RFA). Rezultati. Šest meseci nakon implantacije i imedijatnog opterećenja fiksnom zubnom nadoknadom, svi mostovi bili su u funkciji i svi implantati uspešno integrisani, ne pokazujući znake mobilnosti. Sumiranjem dobijenih vrednosti koeficijenta stabilnosti implantata (ISQ) ustanovljeno je da su rezonantne frekvencije bile značajno veće kod implantata u donjoj vilici. Rezultati eksperimentalnog istraživanja pokazali su da su sve analizirane površine ostvarile dobru implantatnu stabilnost. Utvrđen je porast ISQ vrednosti kod svih implantata u mandibuli i delimičan pad ISQ vrednosti za implantate u maksili, nakon šest meseci funkcionalnog opterećenja fiksnim zubnim nadoknadama. Zaključak. Ispitivani endoosealni implantati nisu pokazali različit stepen oseointegracije jer se rezultati merenih parametara hirurških (ISQh) i protetkih (ISQp), nisu statistički značajno razlikovali između implantatnih sistema

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) as a determinant of peri-implantitis

Background/Aim. Peri-implantitis presents inflammatory process that affects soft and hard supporting tissues of osseointegrated implant based on inflammatory osteoclastogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) concentrations in peri-implant crevicular fluid could be associated with clinical parameters that reflect inflammatory nature of peri-implantitis. Methods. The study included 67 patients, 22 with diagnosed peri-implantitis, 22 persons with healthy peri-implant tissues and 23 patients with periodontitis. Clinical parameters from each patient were recorded and samples of peri-implant/gingival crevicular fluid were collected for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. Results. RANK concentration was significantly increased in samples from the patients with periimplantitis when compared to healthy implants (p < 0.0001), where the average levels were 9 times higher. At the same time RANK concentration was significantly higher in periimplantitis than in periodontitis sites (p < 0.0001). In implant patients pocket depths and bleeding on probing values were positively associated with high RANK concentrations (p < 0.0001). Conclusion. These results revealed association of increased RANK concentration in samples of periimplant/ gingival crevicular fluid with peri-implant inflammation and suggests that RANK could be a pathologic determinant of peri-implantitis, thereby a potential parameter in assessment of peri-implant tissue inflammation and a potential target in designing treatment strategies

Serbia: Sharing Economy as a New Market Trend and Business Model

In the developed countries, the importance and development of sharing economy as a new economic model have been increasingly discussed in recent decades. In Serbia, sharing economy has not yet been sufficiently explored in official reports and academic literature. On the other hand, in practice, there are several collaborative platforms used by consumers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to point out the specifics of the sharing economy in Serbia. At the outset, after a brief introduction, the concept of a sharing economy is defined. Consumers’ attitudes about knowledge of the sharing economy, the expectations, and motives that drive them to market engagement are examined and presented. Examples of good practices in the field of sharing economy in Serbia are given. The factors that stimulate or restrict the development of the sharing economy are highlighted, and the legislative framework that directly and indirectly regulates this area is presented. The conclusion about the level of the development of sharing economy in Serbia is derived, and recommendation for future research is given

Nedostatak alfa-1 antitripsina kod dece - kliničke odlike i dijagnostika

Introduction Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a relatively rare and clinically very heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder. Objective Presentation of clinical characteristics of AATD in the first months after birth, as well as the significance of testing brothers and sisters for its presence. Methods Objectives of the study were analyzed on a sample of eight children (four male and four female, aged 63 months (mean14.81±23.96 months; range 1-63 months) with AATD confirmed based on its low serum value and pathological phenotype. Results Of the total of eight patients, six manifested cholestasis syndrome (three male and three female, mean age 2.25±1.37 months; range 1-4.5 months), while two patients, a 3.5-year-old girl and a 5.25-year-old boy, were without symptoms and clinical-laboratory signs of the disease, disclosed during family testing. Serum alpha-1-antitrypsin level rated 0.30-0.66 g/L (0.37±0.12), among which seven were with ZZ phenotype 0.30-0.39 (0.33±0.04), and in a boy with FZ the phenotype was disclosed on family screening, 0.66 g/L. In the group of patients with cholestasis syndrome (serum GTT 444.80±203.15 U/L; range 201-676 U/L), three had mild to moderate hepatomegaly, one had longitudinal growth delay ( lt P3; -10.50%) and two had icterus with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (92 and 109 μmol/L) and prolonged prothrombin time (PT 14.8 and 17 sec). All children with cholestasis syndrome also had hypertransaminasemia (ALT 80.83±33 U/L; range 37-124 U/L and AST 116.67±62.82 U/L; range 58-230 U/L). Conclusion Cholestasis syndrome represents a basic manifestation of AATD in the first months after birth, while early testing of brothers and sisters enables early disclosure and adequate treatment of the subclinical forms of the disease.Uvod Nedostatak alfa-1 antitripsina (AATD) je relativno redak i klinički veoma heterogen autozomno recesivni poremećaj. Cilj rada Cilj rada je bio da se prikažu kliničke odlike AATD u prvim mesecima po rođenju, kao i značaj testiranja braće i sestara na ovaj poremećaj. Metode rada Ispitano je osmoro dece (četiri dečaka i četiri devojčice) uzrasta od mesec dana do 63 meseca (prosečno 14,81±23,96 meseci) sa AATD, koji je dokazan na osnovu niske vrednosti alfa- 1 antitripsina u serumu i patološkog fenotipa. Rezultati Kod šestoro dece (tri dečaka i tri devojčice) uzrasta od mesec dana do četiri i po meseca (prosečno 2,25±1,37 meseci) ispoljio se holestazni sindrom, dok su dva deteta (troipogodišnja devojčica i dečak uzrasta od 5,25 godina) bila bez simptoma i kliničko- laboratorijskih znakova AATD, ali je bolest otkrivena u sklopu porodičnog testiranja. Nivo alfa- 1 antitripsina u serumu bio je 0,30-0,66 g/l (prosečno 0,37±0,12 g/l), pri čemu kod sedmoro dece sa ZZ fenotipom 0,30-0,39 g/l (prosečno 0,33±0,04 g/l), a kod dečaka sa FZ fenotipom, otkrivenog porodičnim skriningom, 0,66 g/l. U grupi bolesnika sa holestaznim sindromom (nivo GGT u serumu bio je u proseku 444,80±203,15 IU/l; raspon 201-676 IU/l), kod tri deteta je utvrđena blaga do umerena hepatomegalija, kod jednog deteta je uočen zastoj u longitudinalnom rastu ( lt P3; -10,50%), dok je kod dvoje dece zabeležen ikterus sa konjugovanom hiperbilirubinemijom (92 i 109 μmol/l) i produženim parcijalnim vremenom (14,8 i 17 s). Kod sve dece s holestaznim sindromom utvrđena je i hipertransaminazemija s vrednostima ALT 80,83±33 IU/l (raspon 37-124 IU/l) i AST 116,67±62,82 IU/l (raspon 58-230 IU/l). Zaključak Holestazni sindrom je osnovna manifestacija AATD u prvim mesecima po rođenju deteta, dok testiranje braće i sestara obolelih omogućava rano otkrivanje i odgovarajuće lečenje supkliničkih oblika bolesti

Basic characteristics of epileptiform discharges triggered by lindane in rats

Introduction: EEG is a widely used method of epilepsy examination. In order to quantitatively inspect ictal EEG findings, a number of mathematical models have been developed over the years, one of them being the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). It transforms the signal from time domain into frequency domain, giving information about their power spectral densities (PSD). Lindane is a well-established neurotoxic agent often used in experimental studies as a model of generalized epilepsy. This study aims to quantitatively examine the characteristics of ictal EEG activity in rats on model of generalized epilepsy induced by lindane. Materials and Methods: Wistar albino rats were used for the study. Electrodes were surgically implanted over the frontal, parietal and occipital cortices of each animal for EEG recording purposes prior to lindane administration in convulsive dose. An 8-channel EEG apparatus was used, combined with a software developed in the Laboratory (NeuroSciLaBG). Ictal EEG epochs were extracted from the original signal and FFT analysis performed to obtain information considering PSD in predefined frequency bands. Amplitude histogram feature of the software was used to differentiate ictal spikes based on their voltage. Results: FFT analysis has yielded important information regarding spectral powers in frequency domain. Ictal EEG showed considerable stratification, theta frequency band (4-7 Hz) being markedly dominant. Amplitude histogram showed the majority of spikes to be in the voltage ranges up to 250 μV, while higher voltage spikes were rarely observed. Conclusion: FFT is capable of giving important information about ictal period characteristics. Ictal periods induced by lindane are characterized by dominancy of theta rhythm and spiking activity mostly in amplitude bins up to 250 μV. FFT and amplitude histograms can be of critical importance in the future pharmacological and toxicity studies

Relationship between sports injuries and psychological health in aquatic sports

Uvod: Veliki je broj dobrobiti koje ima bavljenje sportom kod svih dobnih skupina. Međutim, kako ozljeda utječe na sportaša fizički tako često može imati i psiholoških utjecaja na sportaša. Cilj istraživanja: Glavni cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos psihološkog zdravlja i sportskih ozljeda kod onih sportaša koji se bave vodenim sportovima. Metoda: U presječnom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 25 sportaša, odnosno vaterpolista i plivača iz dva hrvatska plivačka kluba prosječne dobi 21, 5 godina (raspon 18 do 35). Ispitanici su ispunjavali niz samoprocjenskih upitnika: sociodemografski upitnik koji se sastoji od osobnih podataka i podataka vezanih uz sport i sportske ozljede, Kratka lista simptoma i Upitnik o načinima suočavanja sa stresom. Rezultati: Osamdeset i četiri posto ispitanih sportaša imalo je barem jednu sportsku ozljedu od čega njih 66% ima ponavljanu ozljedu. Učestalost ozljede nije povezana sa sociodemografskim karakteristikama. Općenito, sportaši imaju dobro psihološko zdravlje. Oni koji više vremena provode na treningu imaju i značajno veći stupanj poteškoća mentalnog zdravlja. Ispitanici s ponovljenom ozljedom statistički značajno manje koriste socijalnu podršku i pozitivne strategije suočavanja. Zaključak: Ispitivani sportaši dobrog su psihološkog zdravlja premda učestalo imaju sportske ozljede. Buduća istraživanja trebala bi uključiti veći broj sportaša te ispitati natjecateljsku razinu i vrijeme od ozljede

Relationship between sports injuries and psychological health in aquatic sports

Uvod: Veliki je broj dobrobiti koje ima bavljenje sportom kod svih dobnih skupina. Međutim, kako ozljeda utječe na sportaša fizički tako često može imati i psiholoških utjecaja na sportaša. Cilj istraživanja: Glavni cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos psihološkog zdravlja i sportskih ozljeda kod onih sportaša koji se bave vodenim sportovima. Metoda: U presječnom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 25 sportaša, odnosno vaterpolista i plivača iz dva hrvatska plivačka kluba prosječne dobi 21, 5 godina (raspon 18 do 35). Ispitanici su ispunjavali niz samoprocjenskih upitnika: sociodemografski upitnik koji se sastoji od osobnih podataka i podataka vezanih uz sport i sportske ozljede, Kratka lista simptoma i Upitnik o načinima suočavanja sa stresom. Rezultati: Osamdeset i četiri posto ispitanih sportaša imalo je barem jednu sportsku ozljedu od čega njih 66% ima ponavljanu ozljedu. Učestalost ozljede nije povezana sa sociodemografskim karakteristikama. Općenito, sportaši imaju dobro psihološko zdravlje. Oni koji više vremena provode na treningu imaju i značajno veći stupanj poteškoća mentalnog zdravlja. Ispitanici s ponovljenom ozljedom statistički značajno manje koriste socijalnu podršku i pozitivne strategije suočavanja. Zaključak: Ispitivani sportaši dobrog su psihološkog zdravlja premda učestalo imaju sportske ozljede. Buduća istraživanja trebala bi uključiti veći broj sportaša te ispitati natjecateljsku razinu i vrijeme od ozljede