Microelectrode study of pore size, ion size, and solvent effects on the charge/discharge behavior of microporous carbons for electrical double-layer capacitors

The capacitive behavior of TiC-derived carbon powders in two different electrolytes, NEt4BF4 in acetonitrile AN and NEt4BF4 in propylene carbonate PC, was studied using the cavity microelectrode CME technique. Comparisons of the cyclic voltammograms recorded at 10–1000 mV/s enabled correlation between adsorbed ion sizes and pore sizes, which is important for understanding the electrochemical capacitive behavior of carbon electrodes for electrical double-layer capacitor applications. The CME technique also allows a fast selection of carbon electrodes with matching pore sizes different sizes are needed for the negative and positive electrodes for the respective electrolyte system. Comparison of electrochemical capacitive behavior of the same salt, NEt4BF4, in different solvents, PC and AN, has shown that different pore sizes are required for different solvents, because only partial desolvation of ions occurs during the double-layer charging. Squeezing partially solvated ions into subnanometer pores, which are close to the desolvated ion size, may lead to distortion of the shape of cyclic voltammograms

Behavioral ontogeny in larvae and early juveniles of the giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis) (Pisces: Carangidae)

Behavior of young (8−18 mm SL) giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis), a large coral-reef−associated predator, was observed in the laboratory and the ocean. Size was a better predictor of swimming speed and endurance than was age. Critical speed increased with size from 12 to 40 cm/s at 2.7 cm/s for each mm increase in size. Mean scaled critical speed was 19 body lengths/s and was not size related. Swimming speed in the ocean was 4 to 20 cm/s (about half of critical speed) and varied among areas, but within each area, it increased at 2 cm/s for each mm increase in size. Swimming endurance in the laboratory increased from 5 to 40 km at 5 km for each mm increase in size. Vertical distribution changed ontogenetically: larvae swam shallower, but more variably, and then deeper with growth. Two-thirds of individuals swam directionally with no ontogenetic increase in orientation precision. Larvae swam offshore off open coasts, but not in a bay. In situ observations of C. ignobilis feeding, interacting with pelagic animals, and reacting to reefs are reported. Manus

Patch Burn‐Grazing: An Annotated Bibliography

Patch burn‐grazing is a rangeland management strategy that exploits the attraction of grazing animals to recently burned areas in order to achieve management objectives. When fire is applied to a landscape in a patchy manner, leaving some patches unburned, the resulting grazing animal activity, forage utilization, and animal impact are patchily distributed within that landscape as well. Areas that have been recently burned tend to be characterized by the highest levels of grazing animal activity while areas that have gone the longest without burning tend to be characterized by the lowest levels of grazing animal activity. This can be advantageous for a multitude of reasons related to wildlife conservation, livestock productivity, herbaceous fuel management, invasive species management, and woody plant control. The following annotated bibliography lists resources about patch burn‐grazing in North America. The bibliography includes all citations known by us of research conducted within the context of patch burn‐grazing as an explicit management strategy. Included in the bibliography are papers representing original research, review and synthesis papers, theses (10), and a dissertation. In instances where the research in a thesis or dissertation was subsequently published, we include the citation for the published article(s) but not for the original thesis or dissertation. We did not include reports or extension publications although many valuable publications of this type exist on this topic. For additional resources such as extension publications, look at the Great Plains Fire Science Exchange website or university extension websites in the region

Effects of Prebiotic and Probiotic Supplementation on Lactase Deficiency and Lactose Intolerance: A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials

Lactose intolerance (LI) is characterized by the presence of primarily gastrointestinal clinical signs resulting from colonic fermentation of lactose, the absorption of which is impaired due to a deficiency in the lactase enzyme. These clinical signs can be modified by several factors, including lactose dose, residual lactase expression, concurrent ingestion of other dietary components, gut-transit time, and enteric microbiome composition. In many of individuals with lactose malabsorption, clinical signs may be absent after consumption of normal amounts of milk or, in particular, dairy products (yogurt and cheese), which contain lactose partially digested by live bacteria. The intestinal microbiota can be modulated by biotic supplementation, which may alleviate the signs and symptoms of LI. This systematic review summarizes the available evidence on the influence of prebiotics and probiotics on lactase deficiency and LI. The literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE (via PUBMED) and SCOPUS databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and included randomized controlled trials. For each study selected, the risk of bias was assessed following the Cochrane Collaboration methodology. Our findings showed varying degrees of efficacy but an overall positive relationship between probiotics and LI in relation to specific strains and concentrations. Limitations regarding the wide heterogeneity between the studies included in this review should be taken into account. Only one study examined the benefits of prebiotic supplementation and LI. So further clinical trials are needed in order to gather more evidence

Colapso traqueal

El presente trabajo ha sido realizado con una revisión de 14 perros afectados con distintos grados de colapso traqueal, diagnosticados con radiografías. También se hace un estudio diferencial de otros estados patológicos que podrían confundirse.This work has been make with a revision of 14 affected dogs wíth differents degrees of tracheal collapse, diagnosed with X-ray. Also on makes a different study about others pathologicals states that can be motive of confusion

La utilización de estudios prospectivos en la elaboración del plan estratégico en una institución científica tecnológica brasileña.

Projeto: 11.11.11.111

Mutations affecting cleavage at the p10-capsid protease cleavage site block Rous sarcoma virus replication

A series of amino acid substitutions (M239F, M239G, P240F, V241G) were placed in the p10-CA protease cleavage site (VVAM*PVVI) to change the rate of cleavage of the junction. The effects of these substitutions on p10-CA cleavage by RSV PR were confirmed by measuring the kinetics of cleavage of model peptide substrates containing the wild type and mutant p10-CA sites. The effects of these substitutions on processing of the Gag polyprotein were determined by labeling Gag transfected COS-1 cells with (35)S-Met and -Cys, and immunoprecipitation of Gag and its cleavage products from the media and lysate fractions. All substitutions except M239F caused decreases in detectable Gag processing and subsequent release from cells. Several of the mutants also caused defects in production of the three CA proteins. The p10-CA mutations were subcloned into an RSV proviral vector (RCAN) and introduced into a chick embryo fibroblast cell line (DF-1). All of the mutations except M239F blocked RSV replication. In addition, the effects of the M239F and M239G substitutions on the morphology of released virus particles were examined by electron microscopy. While the M239F particles appeared similar to wild type particles, M239G particles contained cores that were large and misshapen. These results suggest that mutations affecting cleavage at the p10-CA protease cleavage site block RSV replication and can have a negative impact on virus particle morphology

Inverse problem for wave equation with sources and observations on disjoint sets

We consider an inverse problem for a hyperbolic partial differential equation on a compact Riemannian manifold. Assuming that $\Gamma_1$ and $\Gamma_2$ are two disjoint open subsets of the boundary of the manifold we define the restricted Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator $\Lambda_{\Gamma_1,\Gamma_2}$. This operator corresponds the boundary measurements when we have smooth sources supported on $\Gamma_1$ and the fields produced by these sources are observed on $\Gamma_2$. We show that when $\Gamma_1$ and $\Gamma_2$ are disjoint but their closures intersect at least at one point, then the restricted Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator $\Lambda_{\Gamma_1,\Gamma_2}$ determines the Riemannian manifold and the metric on it up to an isometry. In the Euclidian space, the result yields that an anisotropic wave speed inside a compact body is determined, up to a natural coordinate transformations, by measurements on the boundary of the body even when wave sources are kept away from receivers. Moreover, we show that if we have three arbitrary non-empty open subsets $\Gamma_1,\Gamma_2$, and $\Gamma_3$ of the boundary, then the restricted Dirichlet-to-Neumann operators $\Lambda_{\Gamma_j,\Gamma_k}$ for $1\leq j<k\leq 3$ determine the Riemannian manifold to an isometry. Similar result is proven also for the finite-time boundary measurements when the hyperbolic equation satisfies an exact controllability condition

Stable Determination of the Electromagnetic Coefficients by Boundary Measurements

The goal of this paper is to prove a stable determination of the coefficients for the time-harmonic Maxwell equations, in a Lipschitz domain, by boundary measurements