Neandertalak eta hizkuntza

Lan honen helburu nagusia, neandertalek hitz egiten ote zuten aztertzea izan da. Honetarako, jarraian datorren egituran azaltzen diren alderdi ezberdinei heldu diet. Lehenengo atalean, neandertalen ikerketaren historia azaldu dut, horretarako, denboran zehar aurkitutako aztarnak ezagutzera emanez; izan ere, hauen berreraiketetatik eta azterketatik heldu baitira ikertzaileak eta era berean zientzia, lehenengo aztarnatik gaur egunera arte, neandertalen gaineko informazioa eta ikuspuntua osatzera. Aurkitutako aztarnak, taula baten bitartez kronologikoki emateaz gain, hiru garai ezberdinetan banatu ditut: Lehen Mundu Gerrara arteko aurkikuntzekin hasi, aurreko mozte datatik ondorengo ikuspegi berriekin jarraitu eta azken hamarkadetako aurkikuntza garrantzizko batekin amaitu. Honen ostean, metodoak, aurkikuntzak eta hipotesiak denboran barrena artikulatzen joan direla ikusi, eta bigarren atalean, orain arteko kontsentsu zientifikoa eta eztabaida-ildo nagusiak direnak azaleratu ditut. Aurrenekoak, neandertalei buruzko adostasunei egiten die erreferentzia eta hor, nortzuk ziren, noiz bizi izan ziren, nolako itxura zuten edo hauen bizimodua nolakoa zen bezalako informazioa jorratu dut. Eztabaida-ildoetan, aldiz, ikertzaileen arteko hizka-mizka gaiak aipatzen ditut, espeziearen desagerpenaren, gainontzeko espezieekiko gurutzaketen eta hizkuntzaren gaineko ikuspuntu ezberdinak aurkezten ditudalarik. Honek guztiak, hizkuntzaren problematika bideratzen du. Hizkuntzaren alderdi hau, nahiz eta eztabaidaildo nagusienetarikoa izanik atal honetan sartu beharko litzatekeen, lan honen muina den heinean, atal bat eskaini eta hurrengoan, hau da, hirugarrenean, sakondu dut. Honetarako, eztabaida ardatzak diren hiru gai garrantzizkoenak banatuta aurkeztu ditut: hizkuntza bazutela iradoki lezaketen aspektu kulturalak, hizkuntza artikulatua izateko baldintza fisikoak eta azterketa genetikoaren emaitzak. Lehenengo biek azpi-atalak ere izan dituzte: aurrenekoan, kultura materiala eta sinbolikoa bereizi ditut; eta amaierakoan, batetik, garunaren garapena eta hizkuntzarekiko loturak dituzten aldeak, eta bestetik, ahoskatzeko organoak. Hau denboran zehar ikertzaile ezberdinek datuetatik abiatuta plazaratu dituzten oinarri enpirikoak eta ikuspuntu ezberdinak jorratuz azaldu dut. Jarraian, azken hau ezagutarazi ostean, lanari amaiera ondorioak adieraziz eman diot; behin hau argituz, lan hau posible egiteko erabilitako bibliografia azaleratu dudalarik. Azken hauen artean, nahiz eta guztiak batera aurkeztu ditudan, oinarrizko bibliografia eta bibliografia osagarria bereiz daitezke; lehenengoak, lanean zehar sakondu ditudan autoreei egiten die erreferentzia, eta bigarrenak, aldiz, hitz tekniko batzuen esanahia bilatzeko erabilitako lan edota hiztegiei

Neandertalak eta hizkuntza

Lan honen helburu nagusia, neandertalek hitz egiten ote zuten aztertzea izan da. Honetarako, jarraian datorren egituran azaltzen diren alderdi ezberdinei heldu diet. Lehenengo atalean, neandertalen ikerketaren historia azaldu dut, horretarako, denboran zehar aurkitutako aztarnak ezagutzera emanez; izan ere, hauen berreraiketetatik eta azterketatik heldu baitira ikertzaileak eta era berean zientzia, lehenengo aztarnatik gaur egunera arte, neandertalen gaineko informazioa eta ikuspuntua osatzera. Aurkitutako aztarnak, taula baten bitartez kronologikoki emateaz gain, hiru garai ezberdinetan banatu ditut: Lehen Mundu Gerrara arteko aurkikuntzekin hasi, aurreko mozte datatik ondorengo ikuspegi berriekin jarraitu eta azken hamarkadetako aurkikuntza garrantzizko batekin amaitu. Honen ostean, metodoak, aurkikuntzak eta hipotesiak denboran barrena artikulatzen joan direla ikusi, eta bigarren atalean, orain arteko kontsentsu zientifikoa eta eztabaida-ildo nagusiak direnak azaleratu ditut. Aurrenekoak, neandertalei buruzko adostasunei egiten die erreferentzia eta hor, nortzuk ziren, noiz bizi izan ziren, nolako itxura zuten edo hauen bizimodua nolakoa zen bezalako informazioa jorratu dut. Eztabaida-ildoetan, aldiz, ikertzaileen arteko hizka-mizka gaiak aipatzen ditut, espeziearen desagerpenaren, gainontzeko espezieekiko gurutzaketen eta hizkuntzaren gaineko ikuspuntu ezberdinak aurkezten ditudalarik. Honek guztiak, hizkuntzaren problematika bideratzen du. Hizkuntzaren alderdi hau, nahiz eta eztabaidaildo nagusienetarikoa izanik atal honetan sartu beharko litzatekeen, lan honen muina den heinean, atal bat eskaini eta hurrengoan, hau da, hirugarrenean, sakondu dut. Honetarako, eztabaida ardatzak diren hiru gai garrantzizkoenak banatuta aurkeztu ditut: hizkuntza bazutela iradoki lezaketen aspektu kulturalak, hizkuntza artikulatua izateko baldintza fisikoak eta azterketa genetikoaren emaitzak. Lehenengo biek azpi-atalak ere izan dituzte: aurrenekoan, kultura materiala eta sinbolikoa bereizi ditut; eta amaierakoan, batetik, garunaren garapena eta hizkuntzarekiko loturak dituzten aldeak, eta bestetik, ahoskatzeko organoak. Hau denboran zehar ikertzaile ezberdinek datuetatik abiatuta plazaratu dituzten oinarri enpirikoak eta ikuspuntu ezberdinak jorratuz azaldu dut. Jarraian, azken hau ezagutarazi ostean, lanari amaiera ondorioak adieraziz eman diot; behin hau argituz, lan hau posible egiteko erabilitako bibliografia azaleratu dudalarik. Azken hauen artean, nahiz eta guztiak batera aurkeztu ditudan, oinarrizko bibliografia eta bibliografia osagarria bereiz daitezke; lehenengoak, lanean zehar sakondu ditudan autoreei egiten die erreferentzia, eta bigarrenak, aldiz, hitz tekniko batzuen esanahia bilatzeko erabilitako lan edota hiztegiei

Selección de leyes sobre Genética y Biomedicina

592 p.[EU] I. Hitzaurrea, Itziar Alkorta Idiakez. II. Aurkezpena, Leire Escajedo San Epifenio, Miren Gorrotxategi Azurmendi: - Giza eskubideak eta gizakiaren duintasuna biologiaren eta medikuntzaren aplikazioak direla-eta babesteko hitzarmena (Giza eskubideei eta biomedikuntzari buruzko hitzarmena), Oviedon 1997ko apirilaren 4an sinatutakoa berresteko tresna. - Gizakiak klonatzeko debekuari buruzko Protokoloa, giza eskubideak eta giza duintasuna biologiaren eta medikuntzaren aplikazioak direla-eta babesteko Hitzarmenaren Gehigarria. - 41/2002 Oinarrizko Legea, azaroaren 14koa, pazientearen autonomia eta informazio eta dokumentazio klinikoaren arloko eskubide eta eginbideak arautzen dituena. - 29/2006 Legea, uztailaren 26koa, sendagaien eta osasun produktuen bermeei eta arrazoizko erabilerari buruzkoa. - 14/2006 Legea, maiatzaren 26koa, lagundutako giza ugalketa-teknikei buruzkoa. - 14/2007 Legea, uztailaren 3koa, Biomedikuntzako Ikerkuntzari buruzkoa. - 2/2010 Lege Organikoa, martxoaren 3koa, sexu- eta ugalketa-osasunari eta haurdunaldia borondatez eteteari buruzkoa. III. Lexikoa.[ES] I. Prólogo, Itziar Alkorta Idiakez. II. Aurkezpena, Leire Escajedo San Epifenio, Miren Gorrotxategi Azurmendi: - Instrumento de Ratificación del Convenio para la protección de los derechos humanos y la dignidad del ser humano con respecto a las aplicaciones de la Biología y la Medicina (Convenio relativo a los derechos humanos y la biomedicina) hecho en Oviedo el 4 de abril de 1997. - Protocolo adicional al Convenio para la protección de los derechos humanos y la dignidad humana en relación con la aplicación de la biología y la medicina sobre la prohibición de clonar seres humanos. - Ley 41/2002, de 14 de noviembre, básica reguladora de la autonomía del paciente y de derechos y obligaciones en materia de información y documentación clínica. - Ley 29/2006, de 26 de julio, de garantías y uso racional de los medicamentos y productos sanitarios. - Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida. - Ley 14/2007, de 3 de julio, de Investigación biomédica. - Ley Orgánica 2/2010, de 3 de marzo, de salud sexual y reproductiva y de la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo. III. Léxico

Selección de leyes sobre Genética y Biomedicina

592 p.[EU] I. Hitzaurrea, Itziar Alkorta Idiakez. II. Aurkezpena, Leire Escajedo San Epifenio, Miren Gorrotxategi Azurmendi: - Giza eskubideak eta gizakiaren duintasuna biologiaren eta medikuntzaren aplikazioak direla-eta babesteko hitzarmena (Giza eskubideei eta biomedikuntzari buruzko hitzarmena), Oviedon 1997ko apirilaren 4an sinatutakoa berresteko tresna. - Gizakiak klonatzeko debekuari buruzko Protokoloa, giza eskubideak eta giza duintasuna biologiaren eta medikuntzaren aplikazioak direla-eta babesteko Hitzarmenaren Gehigarria. - 41/2002 Oinarrizko Legea, azaroaren 14koa, pazientearen autonomia eta informazio eta dokumentazio klinikoaren arloko eskubide eta eginbideak arautzen dituena. - 29/2006 Legea, uztailaren 26koa, sendagaien eta osasun produktuen bermeei eta arrazoizko erabilerari buruzkoa. - 14/2006 Legea, maiatzaren 26koa, lagundutako giza ugalketa-teknikei buruzkoa. - 14/2007 Legea, uztailaren 3koa, Biomedikuntzako Ikerkuntzari buruzkoa. - 2/2010 Lege Organikoa, martxoaren 3koa, sexu- eta ugalketa-osasunari eta haurdunaldia borondatez eteteari buruzkoa. III. Lexikoa.[ES] I. Prólogo, Itziar Alkorta Idiakez. II. Aurkezpena, Leire Escajedo San Epifenio, Miren Gorrotxategi Azurmendi: - Instrumento de Ratificación del Convenio para la protección de los derechos humanos y la dignidad del ser humano con respecto a las aplicaciones de la Biología y la Medicina (Convenio relativo a los derechos humanos y la biomedicina) hecho en Oviedo el 4 de abril de 1997. - Protocolo adicional al Convenio para la protección de los derechos humanos y la dignidad humana en relación con la aplicación de la biología y la medicina sobre la prohibición de clonar seres humanos. - Ley 41/2002, de 14 de noviembre, básica reguladora de la autonomía del paciente y de derechos y obligaciones en materia de información y documentación clínica. - Ley 29/2006, de 26 de julio, de garantías y uso racional de los medicamentos y productos sanitarios. - Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida. - Ley 14/2007, de 3 de julio, de Investigación biomédica. - Ley Orgánica 2/2010, de 3 de marzo, de salud sexual y reproductiva y de la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo. III. Léxico

INTERLEUKIN 10 AND HEART FATTY-ACID BINDING PROTEIN AS EARLY OUTCOME PREDICTORS IN PATIENTS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

Background: Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) exhibit a variable and unpredictable outcome. The proteins interleukin 10 (IL-10) and heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) have shown predictive values for the presence of intracranial lesions. Aim: To evaluate the individual and combined outcome prediction ability of IL-10 and H-FABP, and to compare them to the more studied proteins S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light (NF-L), both with and without clinical predictors. Methods: Blood samples from patients with acute TBI (all severities) were collected 6 months post injury using the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) score, dichotomizing patients into: (i) those with favorable (GOSE≥5)/unfavorable outcome (GOSE ≤ 4) and complete (GOSE = 8)/incomplete (GOSE ≤ 7) recovery, and (ii) patients with mild TBI (mTBI) and patients with TBIs of all severities. Results: When sensitivity was set at 95–100%, the proteins' individual specificities remained low. H-FABP showed the best specificity (%) and sensitivity (100%) in predicting complete recovery in patients with mTBI. IL-10 had the best specificity (50%) and sensitivity (96%) in identifying patients with favorable outcome in patients with TBIs of all severities. When individual proteins were combined with clinical parameters, a model including H-FABP, NF-L, and ISS yielded a specificity of 56% and a sensitivity of 96% in predicting complete recovery in patients with mTBI. In predicting favorable outcome, a model consisting IL-10, age, and TBI severity reached a specificity of 80% and a sensitivity of 96% in patients with TBIs of all severities. Conclusion: Combining novel TBI biomarkers H-FABP and IL-10 with GFAP, NF-L and S100β and clinical parameters improves outcome prediction models in TBI

Interleukin 10 and Heart Fatty Acid-Binding Protein as Early Outcome Predictors in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury

Background: Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) exhibit a variable and unpredictable outcome. The proteins interleukin 10 (IL-10) and heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) have shown predictive values for the presence of intracranial lesions. Aim: To evaluate the individual and combined outcome prediction ability of IL-10 and H-FABP, and to compare them to the more studied proteins S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light (NF-L), both with and without clinical predictors. Methods: Blood samples from patients with acute TBI (all severities) were collected &lt;24 h post trauma. The outcome was measured &gt;6 months post injury using the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) score, dichotomizing patients into: (i) those with favorable (GOSE≥5)/unfavorable outcome (GOSE ≤ 4) and complete (GOSE = 8)/incomplete (GOSE ≤ 7) recovery, and (ii) patients with mild TBI (mTBI) and patients with TBIs of all severities. Results: When sensitivity was set at 95-100%, the proteins' individual specificities remained low. H-FABP showed the best specificity (%) and sensitivity (100%) in predicting complete recovery in patients with mTBI. IL-10 had the best specificity (50%) and sensitivity (96%) in identifying patients with favorable outcome in patients with TBIs of all severities. When individual proteins were combined with clinical parameters, a model including H-FABP, NF-L, and ISS yielded a specificity of 56% and a sensitivity of 96% in predicting complete recovery in patients with mTBI. In predicting favorable outcome, a model consisting IL-10, age, and TBI severity reached a specificity of 80% and a sensitivity of 96% in patients with TBIs of all severities. Conclusion: Combining novel TBI biomarkers H-FABP and IL-10 with GFAP, NF-L and S100β and clinical parameters improves outcome prediction models in TBI.</p

Admission Levels of Total Tau and β-Amyloid Isoforms 1–40 and 1–42 in Predicting the Outcome of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate if admission levels of total tau (T-tau) and β-amyloid isoforms 1-40 (Aβ40) and 1-42 (Aβ42) could predict clinical outcome in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Methods: A total of 105 patients with mTBI [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≥ 13] recruited in Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland were included in this study. Blood samples were drawn within 24 h of admission for analysis of plasma T-tau, Aβ40, and Aβ42. Patients were divided into computed tomography (CT)-positive and CT-negative groups. The outcome was assessed 6–12 months after the injury using the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE). Outcomes were defined as complete (GOSE 8) or incomplete (GOSE < 8) recovery. The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPCSQ) was also used to assess mTBI-related symptoms. Predictive values of the biomarkers were analyzed independently, in panels and together with clinical parameters. Results: The admission levels of plasma T-tau, Aβ40, and Aβ42 were not significantly different between patients with complete and incomplete recovery. The levels of T-tau, Aβ40, and Aβ42 could poorly predict complete recovery, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.56, 0.52, and 0.54, respectively. For the whole cohort, there was a significant negative correlation between the levels of T-tau and ordinal GOSE score (Spearman ρ = −0.231, p = 0.018). In a multivariate logistic regression model including age, GCS, duration of posttraumatic amnesia, Injury Severity Score (ISS), time from injury to sampling, and CT findings, none of the biomarkers could predict complete recovery independently or together with the other two biomarkers. Plasma levels of T-tau, Aβ40, and Aβ42 did not significantly differ between the outcome groups either within the CT-positive or CT-negative subgroups. Levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 did not significantly correlate with outcome, but in the CT-positive subgroup, the levels of T-tau significantly correlated with ordinal GOSE score (Spearman ρ = −0.288, p = 0.035). The levels of T-tau, Aβ40, and Aβ42 were not correlated with the RPCSQ scores. Conclusions: The early levels of T-tau are correlated with the outcome in patients with mTBI, but none of the biomarkers either alone or in any combinations could predict complete recovery in patients with mTBI

Interleukin 10 and Heart Fatty Acid-Binding Protein as Early Outcome Predictors in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury

Background:Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) exhibit a variable and unpredictable outcome. The proteins interleukin 10 (IL-10) and heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) have shown predictive values for the presence of intracranial lesions. Aim:To evaluate the individual and combined outcome prediction ability of IL-10 and H-FABP, and to compare them to the more studied proteins S100 beta, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light (NF-L), both with and without clinical predictors. Methods:Blood samples from patients with acute TBI (all severities) were collected 6 months post injury using the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) score, dichotomizing patients into: (i) those with favorable (GOSE >= 5)/unfavorable outcome (GOSE <= 4) and complete (GOSE = 8)/incomplete (GOSE <= 7) recovery, and (ii) patients with mild TBI (mTBI) and patients with TBIs of all severities. Results:When sensitivity was set at 95-100%, the proteins' individual specificities remained low. H-FABP showed the best specificity (%) and sensitivity (100%) in predicting complete recovery in patients with mTBI. IL-10 had the best specificity (50%) and sensitivity (96%) in identifying patients with favorable outcome in patients with TBIs of all severities. When individual proteins were combined with clinical parameters, a model including H-FABP, NF-L, and ISS yielded a specificity of 56% and a sensitivity of 96% in predicting complete recovery in patients with mTBI. In predicting favorable outcome, a model consisting IL-10, age, and TBI severity reached a specificity of 80% and a sensitivity of 96% in patients with TBIs of all severities. Conclusion:Combining novel TBI biomarkers H-FABP and IL-10 with GFAP, NF-L and S100 beta and clinical parameters improves outcome prediction models in TBI

Potential of heart fatty-acid binding protein, neurofilament light, interleukin-10 and S100 calcium-binding protein B in the acute diagnostics and severity assessment of traumatic brain injury

Background: There is substantial interest in blood biomarkers as fast and objective diagnostic tools for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the acute setting.Methods: Adult patients (≥18) with TBI of any severity and indications for CT scanning and orthopaedic injury controls were prospectively recruited during 2011-2013 at Turku University Hospital, Finland. The severity of TBI was classified with GCS: GCS 13-15 was classified as mild (mTBI); GCS 9-12 as moderate (moTBI) and GCS 3-8 as severe (sTBI). Serum samples were collected within 24 hours of admission and biomarker levels analysed with high-performance kits. The ability of biomarkers to distinguish between severity of TBI and CT-positive and CT-negative patients was assessed.Results: Among 189 patients recruited, neurofilament light (NF-L) was obtained from 175 patients with TBI and 40 controls. S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), heart fatty-acid binding protein (H-FABP) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were analysed for 184 patients with TBI and 39 controls. There were statistically significant differences between levels of all biomarkers between the severity classes, but none of the biomarkers distinguished patients with moTBI from patients with sTBI. Patients with mTBI discharged from the ED had lower levels of IL-10 (0.26, IQR=0.21, 0.39 pg/mL), H-FABP (4.15, IQR=2.72, 5.83 ng/mL) and NF-L (8.6, IQR=6.35, 15.98 pg/mL) compared with those admitted to the neurosurgical ward, IL-10 (0.55, IQR=0.31, 1.42 pg/mL), H-FABP (6.022, IQR=4.19, 20.72 ng/mL) and NF-L (13.95, IQR=8.33, 19.93 pg/mL). We observed higher levels of H-FABP and NF-L in older patients with mTBI. None of the biomarkers or their combinations was able to distinguish CT-positive (n=36) or CT-negative (n=58) patients with mTBI from controls.Conclusions: S100B, H-FABP, NF-L and IL-10 levels in patients with mTBI were significantly lower than in patients with moTBI and sTBI but alone or in combination, were unable to distinguish patients with mTBI from orthopaedic controls. This suggests these biomarkers cannot be used alone to diagnose mTBI in trauma patients in the acute setting.</p

Admission Levels of Total Tau and β-Amyloid Isoforms 1–40 and 1–42 in Predicting the Outcome of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate if admission levels of total tau (T-tau) and beta-amyloid isoforms 1-40 (A beta 40) and 1-42 (A beta 42) could predict clinical outcome in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).Methods: A total of 105 patients with mTBI [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) >= 13] recruited in Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland were included in this study. Blood samples were drawn within 24 h of admission for analysis of plasma T-tau, A beta 40, and A beta 42. Patients were divided into computed tomography (CT)-positive and CT-negative groups. The outcome was assessed 6-12 months after the injury using the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE). Outcomes were defined as complete (GOSE 8) or incomplete (GOSE Results: The admission levels of plasma T-tau, A beta 40, and A beta 42 were not significantly different between patients with complete and incomplete recovery. The levels of T-tau, A beta 40, and A beta 42 could poorly predict complete recovery, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.56, 0.52, and 0.54, respectively. For the whole cohort, there was a significant negative correlation between the levels of T-tau and ordinal GOSE score (Spearman rho = -0.231, p = 0.018). In a multivariate logistic regression model including age, GCS, duration of posttraumatic amnesia, Injury Severity Score (ISS), time from injury to sampling, and CT findings, none of the biomarkers could predict complete recovery independently or together with the other two biomarkers. Plasma levels of T-tau, A beta 40, and A beta 42 did not significantly differ between the outcome groups either within the CT-positive or CT-negative subgroups. Levels of A beta 40 and A beta 42 did not significantly correlate with outcome, but in the CT-positive subgroup, the levels of T-tau significantly correlated with ordinal GOSE score (Spearman rho = -0.288, p = 0.035). The levels of T-tau, A beta 40, and A beta 42 were not correlated with the RPCSQ scores.Conclusions: The early levels of T-tau are correlated with the outcome in patients with mTBI, but none of the biomarkers either alone or in any combinations could predict complete recovery in patients with mTBI.</div