Lohikalojen virikekasvatus tuottaa luonnossa menestyviä istukkaita

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Working life and retirement expectancies at age 50 by social class: period and cohort trends and projections for Finland

The balance between the amount of time spent in work and in retirement underlies the long-term sustainability of the social security system. We examined socioeconomic differences in how increasing longevity is distributed between labor market statuses in Finland

What lies beneath KIVIKASA and what is sound art? - KIVIKASA as a step to undersntand sound art and sound art as a way to understand KIVIKASA

In the Spring of 2014 my colleague, Saku Kämäräinen, and I created a sound artwork for the Me- dia Lab students’ group-exhibition in Tokyo. In the aftermath of the exhibition I started to ponder how our artwork relates to the context of sound art and my personal uncertainty about the whole field of sound art in general. I started reading literature about sound art and the ideas that I was exposed to and the beginning of a collaboration through internship with sound artist Ariel Busta-mante, made me ask the question from myself — “What is sound art and what kind of sound art KIVIKASA is?” My master thesis walks through this aforementioned chain of events utilizing the method of practice based research in which the subject of inquiry is the artwork, its creator and the whole process. I will reflect my personal background motivations and attitudes, review events and ideas that have influenced the creative process. Through these intentions and believes I will review and reflect the creative process — both design and construction process by revealing what lies beneath KIVIKASA until the moment when the first question was asked that ignited this writing process. Then I will be transported into the world of sound art literature to explore what sound art is, or what it could be. This is done by reviewing history of sound art and some of the ideas that are expressed in the literature, for example listening and the habit of sound art sticking with its own materiality of sound. In the end I will be brought back to analyse and inspect the artwork in the light of new acquired understanding from the literature. I am trying to find understanding to the question: “What kind of sound art KIVIKASA is?” In the conclusion I try to search understanding about how the writing process, literature and the whole process affected me. Underneath this process lies a will to understand something that I don’t yet understand.Keväällä 2014 tein yhdessä opiskelijakaverini Saku Kämäräisen kanssa äänitaideteoksen Media Labin opiskelijoiden yhteisnäyttelyyn Tokioon. Näyttelyn jälkimainingeissa aloin pohtimaan teoksen sijoittumista äänitaiteen kontekstiin ja omaa epätietoisuuttani aiheesta. Aloin lukemaan äänitaidetta käsittelevää kirjallisuutta ja sen esiin nostamat ajatukset, sekä tutustumiseni äänitaiteilija Ariel Bustamanteen työharjoittelun kautta saivat minut kysymään — mitä on äänitaide ja millaista äänitaidetta tekemäni teos KIVIKASA on? Lopputyöni kirjoitelmaosio käy läpi tämän yllämainitun tapahtumaketjun tekijälähtöisen tutkimustavan kautta, jossa tutkimuksen kohteena on teossen tekijä ja koko prosessi. Käyn läpi asennehistoriaani ja taiteelliseen ilmaisuuni vaikuttaneita tapahtumia ja ilmiöitä. Niiden kautta peilaan teoksen suunnittelu- ja tekoprosessia nostaen taikurin mustaa kangasta ja kertoen mitä KIVIKASAN alla piilee, aina kysymyksen asettamishetkeen saakka, joka sai tämän kirjoitusprosessin alulle. Sitten tapahtumat vievät minut äänitaidekirjallisuuden maailmaan selvittämään mitä äänitaide on tai mitä se voisi olla käyden läpi äänitaiteen historiaa ja siihen liittyvää pohdintaa mm. kuuntelusta ja äänitaiteen äänikeskeisyydestä. Lopulta saattaen minut uuden ymmärryksen kautta tutkimaan teosta kirjallisuudesta esiin nousseiden ajatusten valossa. Yrittäen löytää ymmärrystä kysymykseen millaista äänitaidetta KIVIKASA on. Loppupäätelmissäni etsin ymmärrystä kirjoitelmastani, äänitaiteesta ja prosessin vaikutuksista minuun. Kaiken taustalla ollessa halu ymmärtää sellaista mistä minulla ei ole vielä ymmärrystä

Trajectories of Antidepressant Medication before and after the Onset of Unemployment by Subsequent Employment Experience

Peer reviewe

Health as a predictor of early retirement before and after introduction of a flexible statutory pension age in Finland

Background: Little is known of how pension reforms affect the retirement decisions of people with different health statuses, although this is crucial for the understanding of the broader societal impact of pension policies and for future policy development. We assessed how the Finnish statutory pension age reform introduced in 2005 influenced the role of health as a predictor of retirement. Methods: We used register-based data and cox regression analysis to examine the association of health (measured by purchases of psychotropic medication, hospitalizations due to circulatory and musculoskeletal diseases, and the number of any prescription medications) with the risk of retirement at age 63-64 among those subject to the old pension system with fixed age limit at 65 (pre-reform group born in 1937-1941) and the new flexible system with 63 as the lower age limit (post-reform group born in 1941-1945) while controlling for socio-demographic factors. Results: Retirement at age 63-64 was more likely among the post- than the pre-reform group (HR = 1.50; 95% CI 1.43-1.57). This reform-related increase in retirement was more pronounced among those without a history of psychotropic medication or hospitalizations due to circulatory and musculoskeletal diseases, as well as among those with below median level medication use. As a result, poor health became a weaker predictor of retirement after the reform. Conclusion: Contrary to the expectations of the Finnish pension reform aimed at extending working lives, offering choice with respect to the timing of retirement may actually encourage healthy workers to choose earlier retirement regardless of the provided economic incentives for continuing in work. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Midlife socioeconomic position and old-age dementia mortality: a large prospective register-based study from Finland

Objectives To assess the association between multiple indicators of socioeconomic position and dementia-related death, and to estimate the contribution of dementia to socioeconomic differences in overall mortality at older ages. Design Prospective population-based register study. Setting Finland. Participants 11% random sample of the population aged 70-87 years resident in Finland at the end of year 2000 (n=54 964). Main outcome measure Incidence rates, Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities and Cox regression HRs of dementia mortality in 2001-2016 by midlife education, occupational social class and household income measured at ages 53-57 years. Results During the 528 387 person-years at risk, 11 395 individuals died from dementia (215.7 per 10 000 person-years). Lower midlife education, occupational social class and household income were associated with higher dementia mortality, and the differences persisted to the oldest old ages. Compared with mortality from all other causes, however, the socioeconomic differences emerged later. Dementia accounted for 28% of the difference between low and high education groups in overall mortality at age 70+ years, and for 21% of the difference between lowest and highest household income quintiles. All indicators of socioeconomic position were independently associated with dementia mortality, low household income being the strongest independent predictor (HR=1.24, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.32), followed by basic education (HR=1.14, 1.06 to 1.23). Manual occupational social class was related to a 6% higher hazard (HR=1.06, 1.01 to 1.11) compared with non-manual social class. Adjustment for midlife economic activity, baseline marital status and chronic health conditions attenuated the excess hazard of low midlife household income, although significant effects remained. Conclusion Several indicators of socioeconomic position predict dementia mortality independently and socioeconomic inequalities persist into the oldest old ages. The results demonstrate that dementia is among the most important contributors to socioeconomic inequalities in overall mortality at older ages.Peer reviewe

Association between a history of clinical depression and dementia, and the role of sociodemographic factors: population-based cohort study

Background Depression is associated with an increased dementia risk, but the nature of the association in the long-term remains unresolved, and the role of sociodemographic factors mainly unexplored. Aims To assess whether a history of clinical depression is associated with dementia in later life, controlling for observed sociodemographic factors and unobserved factors shared by siblings, and to test whether gender, educational level and marital status modify the association. Method We conducted a national cohort study of 1 616 321 individuals aged 65 years or older between 2001 and 2018 using administrative healthcare data. A history of depression was ascertained from the national hospital register in the period 15-30 years prior to dementia follow-up. We used conventional and sibling fixed-effects Cox regression models to analyse the association between a history of depression, sociodemographic factors and dementia. Results A history of depression was related to an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.27 (95% CI 1.23-1.31) for dementia in the conventional Cox model and of 1.55 (95% CI 1.09-2.20) in the sibling fixed-effects model. Depression was related to an elevated dementia risk similarly across all levels of education (test for interaction, P = 0.84), but the association was weaker for the widowed than for the married (P = 0.003), and stronger for men than women (P = 0.006). The excess risk among men attenuated following covariate adjustment (P = 0.10). Discussion This study shows that a history of depression is consistently associated with later-life dementia risk. The results support the hypothesis that depression is an aetiological risk factor for dementia.Peer reviewe

Purchases of prescription drugs before an alcohol-related death : A ten-year follow-up study using linked routine data

Background: Physician's intention to prescribe drugs could potentially be used to improve targeting of alcohol interventions and enhanced disease management to patients with a high risk of severe alcohol-related harm within outpatient settings. Methods: Comparison of ten-year incidence trajectories of 13.8 million reimbursed purchases of prescription drugs among 303,057 Finnish men and women of whom 7490 ultimately died due to alcohol-related causes (Ale+), 14,954 died without alcohol involvement (Alc-), and 280,613 survived until the end of 2007. Results: 5-10 years before death, 88% of the persons with an Alc+ death had received prescription medication, and over two-thirds (69%) had at least one reimbursed purchase of drugs for the alimentary tract and metabolism, the cardiovascular system, or the nervous system. Among persons with an Alc+ death, the incidence rate (IR) for purchases of hypnotics, and sedatives was L38 times higher (95% confidence interval (C1):1.32,1.44) compared to those with an Alc death, and 4.07 times higher (95%C1:3.92,4.22) compared to survivors; and the IR for purchases of anxiolytics was 1.40 times higher (95%Ck1.34,1.47) compared to those with an Ale death, and 3.61 times higher (95%C1:3.48,3.78) compared to survivors. Conclusions: Using physician's intention to prescribe drugs affecting the alimentary tract and metabolism, cardiovascular system and nervous system could potentially be used to flag patients who might benefit from screening, targeted interventions or enhanced disease management. In particular, patients who are to be prescribed anxiolytics, hypnotics, and sedatives, and antidepressants may benefit from enhanced interventions targeted to problem drinking.Peer reviewe