Shame is the Shared Maintenance Factor in an Eating Diosrder-Anxiety Symptom Comorbidity Model in Female Adolescents

Anxiety and eating disorders are highly comorbid (Hudson et al., 2007). The presence of comorbid anxiety along with eating disorders is likely to increase severity of the disorder, chronicity, and treatment resistance (Blinder et al., 2006). A better understanding of how this comorbidity is maintained will aid with the development of precision interventions and improvements in treatment outcomes. The present study (N= 70 adolescent females; ages 13-15) explores how maintenance factors for eating disorders (concern over mistakes [CM; the excessive worry of making errors], shame, and social appearance anxiety [SAA; the fear of being negatively judged based on one’s appearance]) relate to eating disorder and anxiety symptoms in a comorbidity model The path model included SAA, CM, and shame around eating in association with anxiety and eating disorder symptoms. The model displayed excellent fit: CFI = 1.00; TLI: 1.00, RMSEA: 0.00. Shame was significantly associated with both anxiety (b*= 0.26; p= .033) and eating disorder symptoms (b*= 0.40; p = 0.012). Interestingly, CM was only significantly associated with anxiety (b*= 0.34; p = 0.008) but not eating disorder (p= 0.135) symptoms. Further, SAA was only significantly associated with eating disorder (b*= 0.55; p\u3c 0.001) but not anxiety (p= 0.135) symptoms. It was found that only shame served as a shared maintenance factor between eating disorder and anxiety symptoms in adolescent females. Interestingly, concern over mistakes was uniquely associated with anxiety, while social appearance anxiety was uniquely associated with eating disorder symptoms. Current research supports that those with eating disorders exhibit generalized shame, beyond just their eating behavior (Keith, Gillanders & Simpson, 2009). It is thus possible that shame maintains both eating disorder and anxiety symptoms by fueling avoidance behaviors in a variety of situations. Thus, targeting shame can potentially help alleviate this comorbidity and future research should explore how shame is maintained.https://ir.library.louisville.edu/uars/1046/thumbnail.jp

Eating Expectancies Moderate the Relationship Between Negative Affect and Repetitive Negative Thought in Adolescents and Emerging Adulthood in Relation to Binge Eating Symptoms

Objective: Adolescence and young adulthood are critical time periods for the development of an eating disorder (Dakanalis et al., 2017). Eating expectancies that eating helps manage negative affect (EE; learned associations that eating manages negative emotions), negative affect (NA; negative emotions, such as sadness, guilt, and fear), and repetitive negative thinking (RNT; recurrent intrusive negative thoughts about past or future events) are all predictive of eating disorder behaviors, such as binge eating (Bruce et al., 2009, Berg et al., 2017, McEvoy et al., 2019). However, it is less clear how these risk factors may impact one another to influence the development of eating disorder symptoms. Examining the interactions of EE, NA, and RNT may provide insight into whether multiple risk factors need to be considered when designing effective interventions for eating disorder symptoms. The goal of this study is to examine interactions between EE, NA, and RNT in relation to binge eating in two samples of adolescents and young adults. Methods: The current study included two community samples: 1) female adolescents aged 14-15 (n = 43), and 2) female undergraduate students aged 18-26 (n = 729). A battery of measures was administered online to participants. Measures used include the Repetitive Thought Questionnaire (McElvoy, Mahoney, & Moulds, 2010) as a measure of RNT, the eating manages negative affect subscale from the Eating Expectancies Inventory (Hohlstein, Smith, & Atlas, 1998) as a measure of eating expectancies, the negative affect subscale from the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) as a measure of negative affect, and the binge eating subscale from the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (Forbush et al., 2013) as a measure of binge eating. Results: In the undergraduate sample, a significant interaction (b* = .03, p = .005 partial r = .117) was found between EE and NA in relation to binge eating, such that higher levels of EE and higher levels of NA were associated with higher levels of binge eating. In addition, there was a significant interaction (b* = .096, p = .002 partial r = .104) between RNT and EE in relation to binge eating, such that higher levels of EE and higher levels of RNT were associated with higher levels of binge eating. There was no significant interaction between NA and RNT, nor was there a three-way interaction between EE, NA, and RNT in the undergraduate sample (ps \u3e .05). In the adolescent age group, there was a significant interaction (b* = .36, p = .003 partial r = .486 between NA and EE, such that higher levels of EE and higher levels of NA were associated with higher levels of binge eating. There were no significant interactions between RNT and EE or NA and RNT, nor was there was a three-way interaction between EE, NA, and RNT in the adolescent sample (ps \u3e 0.05). Discussion: We found that in undergraduates, both higher EE and NA and higher EE and RNT were more likely to be associated with higher binge eating, whereas in adolescents, only higher EE and NA was associated with higher binge eating. Adolescents had slightly different interaction between EE and NA such that higher levels of NA and lower levels of EE were more likely to have lower levels of binge eating. Cognitive bias in emotional processing are heavily associated with RNT, during adolescence these biases may not be as salient as they are in adults, which may explain lack of interaction between RNT and EE in relation to binge eating.https://ir.library.louisville.edu/uars/1026/thumbnail.jp

Fuzzy Rings in D6-Branes and Magnetic Field Background

We use the Myers T-dual nonabelin Born-Infeld action to find some new nontrivial solutions for the branes in the background of D6-branes and Melvin magnetic tube field. In the D6-Branes background we can find both of the fuzzy sphere and fuzzy ring solutions, which are formed by the gravitational dielectric effect. We see that the fuzzy ring solution has less energy then that of the fuzzy sphere. Therefore the fuzzy sphere will decay to the fuzzy ring configuration. In the Melvin magnetic tube field background there does not exist fuzzy sphere while the fuzzy ring configuration may be formed by the magnetic dielectric effect. The new solution shows that $D_0$ propagating in the D6-branes and magnetic tube field background may expand into a rotating fuzzy ring. We also use the Dirac-Born-Infeld action to construct the ring configuration from the D-branes.Comment: Latex, 15 pages, detailed comments in section 2, typos correcte

Dyons in Nonabelian Born-Infeld Theory

We analyze a nonabelian extension of Born--Infeld action for the SU(2) group. In the class of spherically symmetric solutions we find that, besides the Gal'tsov--Kerner glueballs, only the analytic dyons have finite energy. The presented analytic and numerical investigation excludes the existence of pure magnetic monopoles of 't Hooft--Polyakov type.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure

Supergravity Solutions for BI Dyons

We construct partially localized supergravity counterpart solutions to the 1/2 supersymmetric non-threshold and the 1/4 supersymmetric threshold bound state BI dyons in the D3-brane Dirac-Born-Infeld theory. Such supergravity solutions have all the parameters of the BI dyons. By applying the IIA/IIB T-duality transformations to these supergravity solutions, we obtain the supergravity counterpart solutions to 1/2 and 1/4 supersymmetric BIons carrying electric and magnetic charges of the worldvolume U(1) gauge field in the Dirac-Born-Infeld theory in other dimensions.Comment: 17 pages, REVTeX, revised version to appear in Phys. Rev.

Open Strings in Exactly Solvable Model of Curved Spacetime and PP-Wave Limit

In this paper we study the superstring version of the exactly solvable string model constructed by Russo and Tseytlin. This model represents superstring theory in a curved spacetime and can be seen as a generalization of the Melvin background. We investigate D-branes in this model as probes of the background geometry by constructing the boundary states. We find that spacetime singularities in the model become smooth at high energy from the viewpoint of open string. We show that there always exist bulk (movable) D-branes by the effect of electric flux. The model also includes Nappi-Witten model as the Penrose limit and supersymmetry is enhanced in the limit. We examine this phenomenon in the open string spectrum. We also find the similar enhancement of supersymmetry can be occurred in several coset models.Comment: Latex, 32 pages, typos corrected, references added, to appear in JHEP, eq.(2.22) correcte

Brane World Dynamics and Conformal Bulk Fields

In the Randall-Sundrum scenario we investigate the dynamics of a spherically symmetric 3-brane world when matter fields are present in the bulk. To analyze the 5-dimensional Einstein equations we employ a global conformal transformation whose factor characterizes the $Z_2$ symmetric warp. We find a new set of exact dynamical collapse solutions which localize gravity in the vicinity of the brane for a stress-energy tensor of conformal weight -4 and a warp factor that depends only on the coordinate of the fifth dimension. Geometries which describe the dynamics of inhomogeneous dust and generalized dark radiation on the brane are shown to belong to this set. The conditions for singular or globally regular behavior and the static marginally bound limits are discussed for these examples. Also explicitly demonstrated is complete consistency with the effective point of view of a 4-dimensional observer who is confined to the brane and makes the same assumptions about the bulk degrees of freedom.Comment: 26 pages, latex, no figures. Minor revisions. Some references added. Revised version to appear in Phys. Rev.

Using nearly full-genome HIV sequence data improves phylogeny reconstruction in a simulated epidemic:Length of HIV sequence data and phylogeny reconstruction

HIV molecular epidemiology studies analyse viral pol gene sequences due to their availability, but whole genome sequencing allows to use other genes. We aimed to determine what gene(s) provide(s) the best approximation to the real phylogeny by analysing a simulated epidemic (created as part of the PANGEA_HIV project) with a known transmission tree. We sub-sampled a simulated dataset of 4662 sequences into different combinations of genes (gag-pol-env, gag-pol, gag, pol, env and partial pol) and sampling depths (100%, 60%, 20% and 5%), generating 100 replicates for each case. We built maximum-likelihood trees for each combination using RAxML (GTR + Γ), and compared their topologies to the corresponding true tree’s using CompareTree. The accuracy of the trees was significantly proportional to the length of the sequences used, with the gag-pol-env datasets showing the best performance and gag and partial pol sequences showing the worst. The lowest sampling depths (20% and 5%) greatly reduced the accuracy of tree reconstruction and showed high variability among replicates, especially when using the shortest gene datasets. In conclusion, using longer sequences derived from nearly whole genomes will improve the reliability of phylogenetic reconstruction. With low sample coverage, results can be highly variable, particularly when based on short sequences

Variação sazonal na riqueza e na abundância de pequenos mamíferos, na estrutura da floresta e na disponibilidade de artrópodes em fragmentos florestais no Mato Grosso, Brasil

We captured small mammals in eight forest fragments (43 a 1.411 ha.) during the dry and wet seasons, in southwest Mato Grosso, Brazil, and investigated the variation in small mammal richness and abundance, as well as in forest structure variables (litter volume and canopy openness) and arthropod availability, between the two seasons. Sampling was carried out during the wet season between 2002 and 2003 and in the dry season of 2003. In each fragment, we used Sherman, Tomahawk, snap, and pitfall traps during 10 consecutive days per season, totaling 17,600 trap x nights. In total, we obtained 379 captures of 20 species, seven of marsupials and 13 of rodents. Overall capture success was 2.2% (1.6% during the wet season and 2.7% during the dry season). Total richness, richness of rodents, richness of marsupials, total abundance and abundance of rodents did not varied significantly between seasons. However, marsupial abundance was significantly lower in the dry season, when rainfall is high. Litter volume was significantly higher during the dry season, while arthropod availability was significantly higher during the wet season. Therefore, higher food availability during the wet season may have made trap baits less attractive. In general, the observed variations between dry and wet seasons are in accordance with patterns described in other studies

The Physics of Star Cluster Formation and Evolution

© 2020 Springer-Verlag. The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00689-4.Star clusters form in dense, hierarchically collapsing gas clouds. Bulk kinetic energy is transformed to turbulence with stars forming from cores fed by filaments. In the most compact regions, stellar feedback is least effective in removing the gas and stars may form very efficiently. These are also the regions where, in high-mass clusters, ejecta from some kind of high-mass stars are effectively captured during the formation phase of some of the low mass stars and effectively channeled into the latter to form multiple populations. Star formation epochs in star clusters are generally set by gas flows that determine the abundance of gas in the cluster. We argue that there is likely only one star formation epoch after which clusters remain essentially clear of gas by cluster winds. Collisional dynamics is important in this phase leading to core collapse, expansion and eventual dispersion of every cluster. We review recent developments in the field with a focus on theoretical work.Peer reviewe