Methods

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Medical recipe collections

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Medical case reports in Late Modern English

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Does Fertility Respond to Financial Incentives?

There has been little empirical work evaluating the sensitivity of fertility to financial incentives at the household level. We put forward an identification strategy that relies on the fact that variation of wages induces variation in benefits and tax credits among "comparable" households. We implement this approach by estimating a discrete choice model of female participation and fertility, using individual data from the French Labor Force Survey and a fairly detailed representation of the French tax-benefit system. Our results suggest that financial incentives play a notable role in determining fertility decisions in France, both for the first and for the third child. As an example, an unconditional child benefit with a direct cost of 0.3% of GDP might raise total fertility by about 0.3 point

Assessing the impact of marketing automation on customer engagement in B2B settings

Digitalisation and advancements in technology are fundamentally changing B2B relationships (Obal & Lancioni, 2013; Hofacker et al., 2019). Supplier-buyer relationships are increasingly computer-mediated and dependent on technology (Obal & Lancioni, 2013; Pagani & Pardo, 2017), and an increasing number of touchpoints across various channels contributes to complexity in customer journeys (Cortez & Johnston, 2017). Moreover, the role of digital communications in influencing purchase decisions has increased, and organisations are increasingly utilising digital content marketing to drive engagement (Järvinen & Taiminen, 2016; Hollebeek & Macky, 2019). Understanding the impact of technology, such as artificial intelligence, on marketing practices and customer experiences (across a wide spectrum of settings) is now a key research priority (MSI, 2022; Ostrom et al., 2021). To contribute to this emerging area of work, this study focuses on marketing automation, a software tool used to automate marketing tasks including email marketing, web analytics, data integration and campaign management (Bagshaw, 2015; Buttle & Maklan, 2019). The study aims to understand how marketing automation impacts customer engagement in B2B settings with a specific focus on the role of marketing automation in supporting an organisation's engagement marketing efforts. The research is qualitative and based on 29 in-depth phenomenological semi-structured interviews. The sample consists of both in-house digital marketers working with marketing automation in B2B organisations (14) and digital marketers working with marketing automation in digital marketing agencies (15) in both Finland and the UK. Participants were selected based on their expertise and experience of working with marketing automation and content marketing strategies in B2B settings. Interviews took place over Zoom and were an average of 76 minutes. Findings centre around the following areas. Firstly, the data reveals promising insights into online pre-purchase engagement behaviours, and the role that marketing automation plays in facilitating these interactions. It seems that engagement is journey-dependent, manifesting in different ways at different stages of the customer journey and these instances can be effectively stimulated and captured using automation. Secondly, the data reveals insights to the role of marketing automation as a relationship-building tool, providing insights on its utilisation for nurturing B2B relationships throughout the customer journey. In particular, the use of marketing automation reduces the reliance on human relationships at earlier stages of the customer journey. Finally, early analysis suggests a growing link between marketing automation and personalisation at scale, challenging standard thinking in B2B regarding standardisation of automated services. Overall, embryonic findings suggest that automation can revolutionise B2B relationships and allow firms to stimulate engagement across the customer journey. This study contributes to both engagement research and content marketing research, by a) enhancing understanding of engagement and content marketing in B2B settings, and b) identifying connections between engagement and marketing automation. While engagement is an often-mentioned goal of content marketing, few studies consider how it can be used to trigger engagement or address the role of technology in this process. This is also one of the first studies to consider the relationship between marketing automation and engagement

Exploring pre-purchase engagement in digital B2B settings

In attempts to create more meaningful and lasting connections with customers in complex B2B environments, companies are increasingly interested in the concept of engagement (Blasco-Arcas et al., 2022). Extant literature has defined customer engagement behaviours as voluntary resource contributions targeted at a firm or a brand, that go beyond the transaction (Brodie et al., 2011; Jaakkola & Alexander, 2014). The purpose of the study is to explore engagement behaviours “beyond the transaction” by focusing on engagement that occurs on the other side of the customer journey, prior to the purchase. Additionally, the study explores the role of marketing automation, a software tool used to automate marketing tasks including online tracking and campaign management (Bagshaw, 2015; Buttle & Maklan, 2019), in supporting B2B online engagement throughout these customer journeys

A qualitative study on clinical research in Finland: fragmented governance and volume in the 2000s

OBJECTIVES: Although concerns over clinical research have been expressed, the governance of clinical research has been little studied. The aim was to describe research policy, volume, funding and concerns over clinical research in Finland. DESIGN: A qualitative study and the data were collected from various sources, including documents, statistics and semistructured expert interviews. SETTING: Finland. RESULTS: We found no national policy for clinical research. Many actors were responsible for facilitating, directing, regulating and funding clinical research, but no actor had the main responsibility. Health professionals were the main drivers for clinical research. The role of the health ministry was small. The ministry distributed state money for clinical research in health services (EVO-money), but did not use it to direct research. Municipalities responsible for health services or national health insurance had little interest in clinical research. The Academy of Finland had had initiatives to promote clinical research, but they had not materialised in funding. Clinical research was common and internationally competitive, but its volume had declined relatively in the 2000s. Industry was an important private funder, mainly supporting drug trials made for licensing purposes. Drug trials without an outside sponsor (academic projects) declined between 2002 and 2010. The funding and its targeting and amount were no one's responsibility. Concerns over clinical research were similar as in other countries, but it had appeared late. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest fragmented governance and funding in clinical research. The unsystematic research environment has not prevented clinical research from flourishing, but the public health relevance of the research carried out and its sustainability are unclear.Peer reviewe

Äitiysneuvolatoiminta Suomessa 2000-luvulla : Kyselytutkimuksen perusraportti

Äitiysneuvolat Suomessa 2000 luvulla -hank