27 research outputs found
SynthĂšse de nanocristaux de type Chalcopyrite en vue d'applications en cellules solaires
This work is devoted to the study of ternary semiconductor nanocrystals, and their application inhybrid organic/inorganic solar cells. Semiconductor nanocrystals absorb light at controlled wavelength(depending on their size and composition) and are able to transport charges. They form a colloidalsolution in organic solvent compatible with low-cost deposition in thin films. Nowadays, the bestefficiency for such hybrid solar cells is obtained with binary nanocrystals containing lead or cadmium.Ternary nanocrystals preserve the opticla and electronic properties of binary nanocrystals withoutrelying on toxic elements, but it is still a challenge to control their composition and structure.In this thesis, CuInS2 nanocrystals of controlled size and composition were syntesized. A study ofnucleation and growth was carried out by following the synthesis in situ with X-ray radiation at thesynchrotron. This has shown that precursorsâ organize themselves into plans of atoms separated by twotimes the length of the ligand (here dodecanethiol, DDT). Ligands stabilize the nanocrystals in colloidalsolution, but their insulating character inhibits efficient charge transfer and transport. Ligand exchangewith ethylhexanethiol (EHT) improves the conductivity of thin films and changethe energetic level ofthe nanocrystals.We studied an approach of hybrid solar cell design, consisting in a bulk heterojunctionof two semiconductor organic components (P3HT and PCBM) and CuInS2 nanocrystals. The efficencyof the cells where nanocrystals are added are better than the one with only P3HT:PCBM. The chargetransfer and mobility was studied by the mean of light induced ESR and CELIV respectively. It hasshown that the improvement of the solar cell efficiency is mainly related to an improvement of thecharge generation and dissociation in the ternary blend.Cette thĂšse porte sur lâĂ©tude de nanocristaux semi-conducteurs ternaires, et leur application dansdes cellules solaires hybrides organiques/inorganiques. Les nanocristaux semi-conducteurs absorbentla lumiĂšre Ă des longueurs dâondes dĂ©terminĂ©es par leur taille et leur composition, et conduisent lescharges Ă©lectriques. Ils sont stables en solution, ce qui permet un dĂ©pĂŽt de couches minces Ă bascout. Aujourdâhui les meilleurs rendements en cellules solaires hybrides sont obtenus Ă partir de nanocristauxbinaires contenant soit du plomb, soit du cadmium. Les nanocristaux ternaires conserventles propriĂ©tĂ©s particuliĂšres des nanocristaux binaires tout en permettant de sâaffranchir des Ă©lĂ©mentstoxiques. Cependant, leur synthĂšse reste Ă optimiser pour contrĂŽler de leur structure cristalline et leurcomposition.Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ©, par voie chimique, la synthĂšse de nanocristaux de CuInS2 de taille et de compositioncontrĂŽlĂ©es. En suivant in situ la synthĂšse de ces nanocristaux par diffraction des rayons X sous rayonnementsynchrotron nous avons trouvĂ© que les prĂ©curseurs sâorganisent avant nuclĂ©ation sous forme deplans espacĂ©s par deux longueurs du ligand utilisĂ© (ici dodĂ©canethiol, DDT). Cela impacte nuclĂ©ationet croissance des nanocristaux. Les ligands stabilisent les nanocristaux en solution colloĂŻdale, maisleur caractĂšre isolant peut inhiber le transfert et le transport de charges. Le remplacement du liganddâorigine (DDT) par un ligand plus court, lâĂ©thylhexanethiol (EHT), modifie les niveaux dâĂ©nergie etpermet dâaugmenter la conductivitĂ© des films de nanocristaux. Nous avons intĂ©grĂ© des nanocristauxde CuInS2 entourĂ©s dâEHT dans des cellules hybrides constituĂ©es dâun polymĂšre conjuguĂ© (P3HT) etdâun fullerĂšne (PCBM). LâefficacitĂ© des cellules solaires contenant des nanocristaux entourĂ©s dâEHTest significativement amĂ©liorĂ©e par rapport Ă celle des cellules de P3HT :PCBM rĂ©alisĂ©es dans lesmĂȘmes conditions. Le transfert et la mobilitĂ© des charges sont Ă©tudiĂ©s par RPE sous Ă©clairement etphoto-CELIV respectivement. De ces Ă©tudes il ressort que lâamĂ©lioration des cellules provient dâunemeilleure gĂ©nĂ©ration et dissociation des charges
Les assemblées citoyennes
Si l'actualitĂ© des assemblĂ©es citoyennes est relativement rĂ©cente en France, avec la Convention citoyenne pour le climat, cette technique s'appuie sur de nombreuses et anciennes expĂ©riences dans d'autres Ătats. L'Ă©tude de ces assemblĂ©es a Ă©galement fait l'objet de nombreux travaux issus de la science politique en France comme Ă l'Ă©tranger. Les juristes demeurent, encore aujourd'hui, largement Ă©trangers Ă cette rĂ©flexion, aussi bien dans sa dimension pratique, l'Ă©tude de la pratique des assemblĂ©es citoyennes, que dans sa dimension thĂ©orique, sous l'angle de l'Ă©tude des concepts de dĂ©mocratie dĂ©libĂ©rative et de dĂ©mocratie participative. Dans un tel contexte, le prĂ©sent ouvrage, Les assemblĂ©es citoyennes : nouvelle utopie dĂ©mocratique ?, rĂ©sultat d'un colloque international pluridisciplinaire, permet de dresser un Ă©tat des lieux, sous un angle critique, de ce qu'il convient de penser des assemblĂ©es citoyennes. Les assemblĂ©es citoyennes constituent-elles le remĂšde miracle Ă la crise du rĂ©gime reprĂ©sentatif ? Tel est, sans doute le fil rouge de toutes les questions soulevĂ©es au cours de cette journĂ©e d'Ă©tudes. Quel est le sens des « assemblĂ©es citoyennes » ? Ă quelle thĂ©orie politique est-il possible de les rattacher ? Quelles en sont les expressions concrĂštes et les diffĂ©rentes expĂ©riences pratiques ? Telles sont les diffĂ©rentes questions sur lesquelles les contributions de cet ouvrage ont apportĂ© un Ă©clairage pluridisciplinaire, contemporain et critique. La multiplication des regards disciplinaires, science politique et droit pour l'essentiel, permet ainsi de croiser les regards sur cet objet d'Ă©tudes, de dĂ©placer, parfois, les frontiĂšres et, surtout, de penser de maniĂšre globale le phĂ©nomĂšne des assemblĂ©es citoyennes
SynthĂšse de nanocristaux de type Chalcopyrite en vue d'applications en cellules solaires
This work is devoted to the study of ternary semiconductor nanocrystals, and their application inhybrid organic/inorganic solar cells. Semiconductor nanocrystals absorb light at controlled wavelength(depending on their size and composition) and are able to transport charges. They form a colloidalsolution in organic solvent compatible with low-cost deposition in thin films. Nowadays, the bestefficiency for such hybrid solar cells is obtained with binary nanocrystals containing lead or cadmium.Ternary nanocrystals preserve the opticla and electronic properties of binary nanocrystals withoutrelying on toxic elements, but it is still a challenge to control their composition and structure.In this thesis, CuInS2 nanocrystals of controlled size and composition were syntesized. A study ofnucleation and growth was carried out by following the synthesis in situ with X-ray radiation at thesynchrotron. This has shown that precursorsâ organize themselves into plans of atoms separated by twotimes the length of the ligand (here dodecanethiol, DDT). Ligands stabilize the nanocrystals in colloidalsolution, but their insulating character inhibits efficient charge transfer and transport. Ligand exchangewith ethylhexanethiol (EHT) improves the conductivity of thin films and changethe energetic level ofthe nanocrystals.We studied an approach of hybrid solar cell design, consisting in a bulk heterojunctionof two semiconductor organic components (P3HT and PCBM) and CuInS2 nanocrystals. The efficencyof the cells where nanocrystals are added are better than the one with only P3HT:PCBM. The chargetransfer and mobility was studied by the mean of light induced ESR and CELIV respectively. It hasshown that the improvement of the solar cell efficiency is mainly related to an improvement of thecharge generation and dissociation in the ternary blend.Cette thĂšse porte sur lâĂ©tude de nanocristaux semi-conducteurs ternaires, et leur application dansdes cellules solaires hybrides organiques/inorganiques. Les nanocristaux semi-conducteurs absorbentla lumiĂšre Ă des longueurs dâondes dĂ©terminĂ©es par leur taille et leur composition, et conduisent lescharges Ă©lectriques. Ils sont stables en solution, ce qui permet un dĂ©pĂŽt de couches minces Ă bascout. Aujourdâhui les meilleurs rendements en cellules solaires hybrides sont obtenus Ă partir de nanocristauxbinaires contenant soit du plomb, soit du cadmium. Les nanocristaux ternaires conserventles propriĂ©tĂ©s particuliĂšres des nanocristaux binaires tout en permettant de sâaffranchir des Ă©lĂ©mentstoxiques. Cependant, leur synthĂšse reste Ă optimiser pour contrĂŽler de leur structure cristalline et leurcomposition.Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ©, par voie chimique, la synthĂšse de nanocristaux de CuInS2 de taille et de compositioncontrĂŽlĂ©es. En suivant in situ la synthĂšse de ces nanocristaux par diffraction des rayons X sous rayonnementsynchrotron nous avons trouvĂ© que les prĂ©curseurs sâorganisent avant nuclĂ©ation sous forme deplans espacĂ©s par deux longueurs du ligand utilisĂ© (ici dodĂ©canethiol, DDT). Cela impacte nuclĂ©ationet croissance des nanocristaux. Les ligands stabilisent les nanocristaux en solution colloĂŻdale, maisleur caractĂšre isolant peut inhiber le transfert et le transport de charges. Le remplacement du liganddâorigine (DDT) par un ligand plus court, lâĂ©thylhexanethiol (EHT), modifie les niveaux dâĂ©nergie etpermet dâaugmenter la conductivitĂ© des films de nanocristaux. Nous avons intĂ©grĂ© des nanocristauxde CuInS2 entourĂ©s dâEHT dans des cellules hybrides constituĂ©es dâun polymĂšre conjuguĂ© (P3HT) etdâun fullerĂšne (PCBM). LâefficacitĂ© des cellules solaires contenant des nanocristaux entourĂ©s dâEHTest significativement amĂ©liorĂ©e par rapport Ă celle des cellules de P3HT :PCBM rĂ©alisĂ©es dans lesmĂȘmes conditions. Le transfert et la mobilitĂ© des charges sont Ă©tudiĂ©s par RPE sous Ă©clairement etphoto-CELIV respectivement. De ces Ă©tudes il ressort que lâamĂ©lioration des cellules provient dâunemeilleure gĂ©nĂ©ration et dissociation des charges
Organic/inorganic hybrid thin films for multijunction solar cells
Cette thĂšse porte sur lâĂ©tude de nanocristaux semi-conducteurs ternaires, et leur application dansdes cellules solaires hybrides organiques/inorganiques. Les nanocristaux semi-conducteurs absorbentla lumiĂšre Ă des longueurs dâondes dĂ©terminĂ©es par leur taille et leur composition, et conduisent lescharges Ă©lectriques. Ils sont stables en solution, ce qui permet un dĂ©pĂŽt de couches minces Ă bascout. Aujourdâhui les meilleurs rendements en cellules solaires hybrides sont obtenus Ă partir de nanocristauxbinaires contenant soit du plomb, soit du cadmium. Les nanocristaux ternaires conserventles propriĂ©tĂ©s particuliĂšres des nanocristaux binaires tout en permettant de sâaffranchir des Ă©lĂ©mentstoxiques. Cependant, leur synthĂšse reste Ă optimiser pour contrĂŽler de leur structure cristalline et leurcomposition.Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ©, par voie chimique, la synthĂšse de nanocristaux de CuInS2 de taille et de compositioncontrĂŽlĂ©es. En suivant in situ la synthĂšse de ces nanocristaux par diffraction des rayons X sous rayonnementsynchrotron nous avons trouvĂ© que les prĂ©curseurs sâorganisent avant nuclĂ©ation sous forme deplans espacĂ©s par deux longueurs du ligand utilisĂ© (ici dodĂ©canethiol, DDT). Cela impacte nuclĂ©ationet croissance des nanocristaux. Les ligands stabilisent les nanocristaux en solution colloĂŻdale, maisleur caractĂšre isolant peut inhiber le transfert et le transport de charges. Le remplacement du liganddâorigine (DDT) par un ligand plus court, lâĂ©thylhexanethiol (EHT), modifie les niveaux dâĂ©nergie etpermet dâaugmenter la conductivitĂ© des films de nanocristaux. Nous avons intĂ©grĂ© des nanocristauxde CuInS2 entourĂ©s dâEHT dans des cellules hybrides constituĂ©es dâun polymĂšre conjuguĂ© (P3HT) etdâun fullerĂšne (PCBM). LâefficacitĂ© des cellules solaires contenant des nanocristaux entourĂ©s dâEHTest significativement amĂ©liorĂ©e par rapport Ă celle des cellules de P3HT :PCBM rĂ©alisĂ©es dans lesmĂȘmes conditions. Le transfert et la mobilitĂ© des charges sont Ă©tudiĂ©s par RPE sous Ă©clairement etphoto-CELIV respectivement. De ces Ă©tudes il ressort que lâamĂ©lioration des cellules provient dâunemeilleure gĂ©nĂ©ration et dissociation des charges.This work is devoted to the study of ternary semiconductor nanocrystals, and their application inhybrid organic/inorganic solar cells. Semiconductor nanocrystals absorb light at controlled wavelength(depending on their size and composition) and are able to transport charges. They form a colloidalsolution in organic solvent compatible with low-cost deposition in thin films. Nowadays, the bestefficiency for such hybrid solar cells is obtained with binary nanocrystals containing lead or cadmium.Ternary nanocrystals preserve the opticla and electronic properties of binary nanocrystals withoutrelying on toxic elements, but it is still a challenge to control their composition and structure.In this thesis, CuInS2 nanocrystals of controlled size and composition were syntesized. A study ofnucleation and growth was carried out by following the synthesis in situ with X-ray radiation at thesynchrotron. This has shown that precursorsâ organize themselves into plans of atoms separated by twotimes the length of the ligand (here dodecanethiol, DDT). Ligands stabilize the nanocrystals in colloidalsolution, but their insulating character inhibits efficient charge transfer and transport. Ligand exchangewith ethylhexanethiol (EHT) improves the conductivity of thin films and changethe energetic level ofthe nanocrystals.We studied an approach of hybrid solar cell design, consisting in a bulk heterojunctionof two semiconductor organic components (P3HT and PCBM) and CuInS2 nanocrystals. The efficencyof the cells where nanocrystals are added are better than the one with only P3HT:PCBM. The chargetransfer and mobility was studied by the mean of light induced ESR and CELIV respectively. It hasshown that the improvement of the solar cell efficiency is mainly related to an improvement of thecharge generation and dissociation in the ternary blend
Ternary and quaternary metal chalcogenide nanocrystals: synthesis, properties and applications
International audienc
Curing Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection in Mice with a Combination of Rifampin-Streptomycin or Rifampin-Amikacin
The curing activities of various durations of treatment with a combination of rifampin (RIF) and either streptomycin (STR) or amikacin (AMK) in murine Mycobacterium ulcerans infection were compared in two experiments. In the first experiment, treatment was begun 1 week after infection, when the inflammatory footpad lesion had not yet occurred (preventive model), and in the second experiment, treatment was begun 6 weeks after infection, when inflammatory footpad lesions were established (curative model). In the first experiment, 4 weeks of treatment with daily RIF-STR or RIF-AMK was able to postpone the occurrence of footpad lesion by 12 weeks (RIF-STR) or 17 weeks (RIF-AMK), thus demonstrating their promising bactericidal activities, but neither treatment was able to prevent the late occurrence of footpad lesions. In the second experiment, the overall cure rates, as assessed by the lack of rebound of inflammatory lesions or remultiplication of M. ulcerans, were only 62% after 2 weeks of treatment with RIF and an aminoglycoside and 85% after 4 weeks; but the cure rate reached 100% after 8 or 12 weeks of treatment. The cure rates were slightly higher with the AMK-containing combination than with the STR-containing combination, but the difference was at the limit of significance (P = 0.07). These results show that in the murine model of Buruli ulcer, 8 weeks is the optimal duration of treatment with a combination of RIF and an aminoglycoside
Orally Administered Combined Regimens for Treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection in Miceâż
Eight weeks of treatment with rifampin-streptomycin sterilizes Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in mice. Because the bactericidal activity against M. ulcerans of the combination rifampin-moxifloxacin, rifampin-clarithromycin, or moxifloxacin-clarithromycin was similar to that of rifampin-streptomycin, these combinations might be considered as alternative, orally administered combined regimens for treatment of Buruli ulcer in humans
In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Rifampin, Streptomycin, Amikacin, Moxifloxacin, R207910, Linezolid, and PA-824 against Mycobacterium ulcerans
Seven antimicrobials were tested in vitro against 29 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium ulcerans. R207910 demonstrated the lowest MIC(50) and MIC(90), followed by moxifloxacin (MXF), streptomycin (STR), rifampin (RIF), amikacin (AMK), linezolid (LZD), and PA-824. All but PA-824 demonstrated an MIC(90) significantly less than the clinically achievable peak serum level. Administered as monotherapy to mice, RIF, STR, AMK, MXF, R207910, and LZD demonstrated some degree of bactericidal activity, whereas PA-824 failed to prevent mortality and to reduce the mean number of CFU in the footpads. Because 4 or 8 weeks of treatment by the combinations RIF-MXF, RIF-R207910, and RIF-LZD displayed bactericidal effects similar to those of RIF-STR and RIF-AMK, these three combinations might be considered as orally administered combined regimens for treatment of Buruli ulcer. Taking into account the cost, potential toxicity, and availability, the combination RIF-MXF appears more feasible for application in the field; additional experiments with mice are warranted to define further its activity against M. ulcerans. In addition, a pilot clinical trial is proposed to test the efficacy of RIF-MXF for treatment of Buruli ulcer