162 research outputs found

    Les effets de la neuromodulation non invasive sur les acouphĂšnes

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    Les acouphĂšnes touchent une grande proportion de Canadiens. Cette condition est associĂ©e Ă  de nombreuses comorbiditĂ©s et affecte de maniĂšre significative la qualitĂ© de vie des patients qui en souffrent. Malheureusement, les mĂ©canismes de gĂ©nĂ©ration et de persistance des acouphĂšnes sont mĂ©connus et il demeure de nombreux questionnements dans la communautĂ© scientifique. Notamment, aucun traitement curatif n’est disponible pour l’instant. Ce mĂ©moire fait Ă©tat des diffĂ©rents types d’acouphĂšnes qui peuvent se manifester ainsi que des diverses thĂ©rapies Ă©tudiĂ©es pour le traitement des acouphĂšnes. Les grands modĂšles neurobiologiques prĂ©dominants dans la littĂ©rature sont aussi prĂ©sentĂ©s. De plus, ce mĂ©moire Ă©tudie la neuromodulation non invasive comme nouvelle avenue de traitement pour les acouphĂšnes. Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© une mĂ©ta-analyse et une Ă©tude de modĂ©lisation afin d’évaluer l’efficacitĂ© de ce traitement pour les acouphĂšnes ainsi que les impacts sur les substrats neurobiologiques des acouphĂšnes. Les rĂ©sultats de cette Ă©tude montrent que la neuromodulation non invasive magnĂ©tique (SMTr) diminue de maniĂšre statistiquement significative les scores d’évaluation de l’acouphĂšne, et que ces effets sont plus marquĂ©s chez les femmes. Les rĂ©sultats montrent aussi que la neuromodulation du cortex auditif est l’approche qui diminue le plus les acouphĂšnes et qu’elle gĂ©nĂšre un champ Ă©lectrique plus fort dans l’insula en comparaison Ă  d’autres rĂ©gions d’intĂ©rĂȘt. Finalement, ce mĂ©moire discute des principales mĂ©thodes d’évaluation des acouphĂšnes ainsi que de l’effet placĂ©bo prĂ©sent lors du traitement des acouphĂšnes. Des parallĂšles avec la douleur chronique sont Ă©tablis, afin d’orienter la recherche sur de prochains traitements. Le futur de la neuromodulation non invasive pour le traitement des acouphĂšnes est aussi discutĂ© en marge de perspectives et de limites du travail.Tinnitus impacts a large proportion of Canadians. It is linked to various comorbidities that significantly affect the quality of life of those who suffer from it. Unfortunately, generation and maintenance mechanisms are still unclear and numerous questions remain in the scientific community. Notably, no cure is available for tinnitus as of now. This dissertation reports the different types of tinnitus that can occur, besides the diverse therapies that have been reviewed for the treatment of tinnitus. The main neurobiological models of tinnitus prevailing in the literature are also presented. Furthermore, this dissertation investigates noninvasive neuromodulation as a new approach to treat tinnitus. A meta-analysis and modeling study have evaluated the efficacy of this treatment for tinnitus along with its impact on neurobiological substrates of tinnitus. The results of the study show that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) decreases statistically significantly tinnitus scores and that those effects are more marked in women. The results also show that noninvasive neuromodulation of the auditory cortex is the approach that decreases tinnitus the most and that this approach generates a stronger electric field in the insula among other regions of interest. Finally, this dissertation discusses the main methods to rate tinnitus and the placebo effect measured during tinnitus treatment. We also draw parallels with chronic pain, to orient prospective research. The future of noninvasive neuromodulation is also discussed in terms of treatment for tinnitus alongside perspectives and limits of the work

    Les habiletés olfactives des aveugles de naissance : organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle et aspects comportementaux

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    La littĂ©rature dĂ©crit certains phĂ©nomĂšnes de rĂ©organisation physiologique et fonctionnelle dans le cerveau des aveugles de naissance, notamment en ce qui a trait au traitement de l’information tactile et auditive. Cependant, le systĂšme olfactif des aveugles n’a reçu que trĂšs peu d’attention de la part des chercheurs. Le but de cette Ă©tude est donc de comprendre comment les aveugles traitent l’information olfactive au niveau comportemental et d’investiguer les substrats neuronaux impliquĂ©s dans ce processus. Puisque, en rĂšgle gĂ©nĂ©rale, les aveugles utilisent leurs sens rĂ©siduels de façon compensatoire et que le systĂšme olfactif est extrĂȘmement plastique, des changements au niveau de l’organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle pourraient en rĂ©sulter. Par le biais de mĂ©thodes psychophysiques et d’imagerie cĂ©rĂ©brale (Imagerie par RĂ©sonance MagnĂ©tique fonctionnelle-IRMf), nous avons investiguĂ© les substrats anatomo-fonctionnels sollicitĂ©s par des stimuli olfactifs. Nous avons trouvĂ© que les aveugles ont un seuil de dĂ©tection plus bas que les voyants, mais que leur capacitĂ© Ă  discriminer et identifier des odeurs est similaire au groupe contrĂŽle. Ils ont aussi plus conscience de l’environnement olfactif. Les rĂ©sultats d’imagerie rĂ©vĂšlent un signal BOLD plus intense dans le cortex orbitofrontal droit, le thalamus, l’hippocampe droit et le cortex occipital lors de l’exĂ©cution d’une tĂąche de dĂ©tection d’odeur. Nous concluons que les individus aveugles se fient d’avantage Ă  leur sens de l’odorat que les voyants afin d’évoluer dans leur environnement physique et social. Cette Ă©tude dĂ©montre pour la premiĂšre fois que le cortex visuel des aveugles peut ĂȘtre recrutĂ© par des stimuli olfactifs, ce qui prouve que cette rĂ©gion assume des fonctions multimodales.It is generally acknowledged that people blind from birth develop supra-normal sensory abilities in order to compensate for their visual deficit. While extensive research has been done on the somatosensory and auditory modalities of the blind, information about their sense of smell remains scant. The goal of this study was therefore to understand olfactory processing in the blind at the behavioral and the neuroanatomical levels. Since blind individuals use their remaining senses in a compensatory way to assess their environment and since the olfactory system is highly plastic, it is likely to be susceptible to changes similar to those observed for tactile and auditory modalities. We used psychophysical testing and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neuronal substrates responsible for odor processing. Our data showed that blind subjects had a lower odor detection threshold compared to the sighted. However, no group differences were found for odor discrimination and odor identification. Interestingly, the OAS revealed that blind participants scored higher for odor awareness. Our fMRI data revealed stronger BOLD responses in the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex, bilateral medio-dorsal thalamus, right hippocampus and left occipital cortex in the blind participants during an odor detection task. We conclude that blind subjects rely more on their sense of smell than the sighted in order to assess their environment and to recognize places and people. This is the first demonstration that the visual cortex of the blind can also be recruited by odorants, thus adding new evidence to its multimodal function

    La chambre de commerce de Cambrai, vitrine de la reconstruction rĂ©ussie d’une ville du Nord

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    Les destructions de la Grande Guerre laissent la ville de Cambrai en ruines. En 1919, Pierre Leprince-Ringuet, Jacques Debat-Ponsan et Germain DebrĂ© remportent le concours pour le plan d’agrandissement et d’embellissement de Cambrai. Architecte de la reconstruction, Pierre Leprince-Ringuet veillera Ă  conserver l’esprit de la ville ancienne, refondant les artĂšres et crĂ©ant de nouveaux espaces urbains en utilisant la tradition architecturale flamande. Avec RenĂ© Herscher, il rĂ©alise la nouvelle chambre de commerce situĂ©e sur une place Ă  l’arriĂšre de l’hĂŽtel de ville. Le programme intĂšgre en outre un bureau de poste et une salle de confĂ©rences. La complexitĂ© du rĂšglement des dommages de guerre retarde le dĂ©marrage des travaux jusqu’en 1923. Les architectes font appel Ă  des artistes renommĂ©s, Marcel Gaumont pour la sculpture et Auguste Labouret pour les vitraux et ces interventions contribueront fortement Ă  imprimer un caractĂšre Art DĂ©co mais Ă©galement nĂ©o-rĂ©gionaliste au palais consulaire cambrĂ©sien inaugurĂ© en 1930.Destruction caused by the Great War had left the city of Cambrai in ruins. In 1919, Pierre Leprince-Ringuet, Jacques Debat-Ponsan and Germain DebrĂ© won the competition for the plan for the extension and improvements of Cambrai. As architect of the Reconstruction, Pierre Leprince-Ringuet saw to it that the spirit of the old city was preserved: he built the roads on new foundations and created new urban spaces while using Flemish architectural tradition. In collaboration with RenĂ© Herscher, he achieved the new Chamber of Commerce located on a place behind the town hall. The program also included a post office and a lecture room. The construction work was delayed to 1923, owing to the complex settlement of war damages. The architects called on some well-known artists such as Marcel Gaumont for sculpture and Auguste Labouret for stained-glass windows: these works will definitely give an Art Deco but also Neo-Regionalism character to the consular palace of Cambrai inaugurated in 1930.Nach den Zerstörungen des ersten Weltkrieges lag die Stadt Cambrai in TrĂŒmmern. 1919 gewannen Pierre Leprince-Ringuet, Jacques Debat-Ponsan und Germain DebrĂ© den Wettbewerb fĂŒr die Planung der Erweiterung und der Verschönerung Cambrais. Pierre Leprince-Ringuet, Architekt des Wiederaufbaus, sorgte dafĂŒr, den Geist der frĂŒheren Stadt zu bewahren, indem er Straßen neu fasste und neue StadtrĂ€ume schuf, die die flĂ€mische architektonische Tradition ĂŒbernahmen. Gemeinsam mit RenĂ© Herscher erstellte er die neue Handelskammer auf einem Platz hinter dem Rathaus. Das Programm beinhaltete auÎČerdem ein Postamt und einen Konferenzraum. Die UmstĂ€ndlichkeit der Regelung von KriegsschĂ€den verzögerte das Starten der Bauarbeiten bis 1923. Die Architekten beriefen dazu renommierte KĂŒnstler, den Bildhauer Marcel Gaumont und den Glasmaler Auguste Labouret. Deren BeitrĂ€ge verliehen dem konsularischen Palast von Calais, 1930 eingeweiht, ein starkes Art-Deco-GeprĂ€ge, ebenso einen neoregionalistischen Charakter

    Vingt ans aprĂšs

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    International audienc

    Identification of the metallurgical parameters explaining the corrosion susceptibility in a 2050 aluminium alloy

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    The corrosion behaviour of a 2050 aluminium alloy was studied in a NaCl solution. The structure ofprecipitation did not fully explain the susceptibility to intergranular (in the -T34 state) and intragran-ular corrosion for the aged state (the -T8 state). A relationship between the nature of interfaces, thegrains characteristics (size, internal misorientation and orientation according to the plane exposed tothe electrolyte) on one hand and the corrosion susceptibility of the alloy on the other hand was clearlyestablished. Galvanic coupling between grains with different internal misorientations helped to explainthe intergranular corrosion susceptibility of the -T34 state

    International Conference “Melville’s Measures”

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    The international conference “Melville’s Measures” was initiated by Ronan Ludot-Vlasak (UniversitĂ© de Lille) and CĂ©cile Roudeau (UniversitĂ© de Paris), with the support of the research units CECILLE (UniversitĂ© de Lille) and LARCA (UniversitĂ© de Paris), and the contribution of the MESHS, the CNRS and the IUF. It took place between October 17th and October 19th, 2019, at both the Maison des Sciences de l’Homme et de la SociĂ©tĂ© (MESHS) in Lille and the UniversitĂ© de Paris. Held on the occasion o..

    Profiling of Differentially Expressed Genes Using Suppression Subtractive Hybridization in an Equine Model of Chronic Asthma

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    Background :\ud Gene expression analyses are used to investigate signaling pathways involved in diseases. In asthma, they have been primarily derived from the analysis of bronchial biopsies harvested from mild to moderate asthmatic subjects and controls. Due to ethical considerations, there is currently limited information on the transcriptome profile of the peripheral lung tissues in asthma.\ud \ud Objective :\ud To identify genes contributing to chronic inflammation and remodeling in the peripheral lung tissue of horses with heaves, a naturally occurring asthma-like condition.\ud \ud Methods :\ud Eleven adult horses (6 heaves-affected and 5 controls) were studied while horses with heaves were in clinical remission (Pasture), and during disease exacerbation induced by a 30-day natural antigen challenge during stabling (Challenge). Large peripheral lung biopsies were obtained by thoracoscopy at both time points. Using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), lung cDNAs of controls (Pasture and Challenge) and asymptomatic heaves-affected horses (Pasture) were subtracted from cDNAs of horses with heaves in clinical exacerbation (Challenge). The differential expression of selected genes of interest was confirmed using quantitative PCR assay.\ud \ud Results :\ud Horses with heaves, but not controls, developed airway obstruction when challenged. Nine hundred and fifty cDNA clones isolated from the subtracted library were screened by dot blot array and 224 of those showing the most marked expression differences were sequenced. The gene expression pattern was confirmed by quantitative PCR in 15 of 22 selected genes. Novel genes and genes with an already defined function in asthma were identified in the subtracted cDNA library. Genes of particular interest associated with asthmatic airway inflammation and remodeling included those related to PPP3CB/NFAT, RhoA, and LTB4/GPR44 signaling pathways.\ud \ud Conclusions :\ud Pathways representing new possible targets for anti-inflammatory and anti-remodeling therapies for asthma were identified. The findings of genes previously associated with asthma validate this equine model for gene expression studies

    COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

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    Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≀ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≄ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

    Identification of new genes responsible for syndromic developmental abnormalities using whole exome sequencing

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    Dans les syndromes polymalformatifs, les causes gĂ©nĂ©tiques sont frĂ©quentes, avec un risque Ă©ventuel de rĂ©cidive, Ă  l’origine d’une trĂšs forte demande de conseil gĂ©nĂ©tique. La stratĂ©gie diagnostique actuelle (examen foetopathologique, cytogĂ©nĂ©tique et examens ciblĂ©s de biologie molĂ©culaire) ne permet un diagnostic Ă©tiologique que dans environ un tiers des familles concernĂ©es. Depuis la mise en place du sĂ©quençage haut dĂ©bit d’exome (ES), les bases molĂ©culaires de nombreux nouveaux syndromes ont pu ĂȘtre identifiĂ©es.Notre objectif a Ă©tĂ© d’étudier l’apport du ES en solo dans l’identification de nouveaux gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans le dĂ©veloppement embryonnaire chez des fƓtus atteints de syndromes polymalformatifs non Ă©tiquetĂ©s aprĂšs la stratĂ©gie diagnostique classique grĂące Ă  une stratĂ©gie d’analyse de l’ES multiĂ©tapes originale.Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© un ES solo chez 95 fƓtus polymalformĂ©s provenant de 10 centres de diagnostic prĂ©natal en France. L’analyse reposait dans un premier temps sur l’étude des gĂšnes OMIM morbides grĂące Ă  des scores bioinformatiques et la prĂ©sence des variations dans des bases de donnĂ©es, indĂ©pendamment du phĂ©notype foetal, puis sur une Ă©tape de corrĂ©lations gĂ©notype-phĂ©notype. Enfin, une analyse recherche basĂ©e sur les scores bioinformatiques Ă©tendue Ă  l’ensemble de l’ES. La confirmation des variations et leur sĂ©grĂ©gation parentale ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es par sĂ©quençage Sanger.L’ES a permis d’identifier une/des variation(s) causale(s) chez 23 fƓtus (24%), des variations de signification inconnue (VUS) chez 6 fƓtus (6%) et des variations dans des gĂšnes candidats chez 6 fƓtus (6%). Parmi les variations causales, la majoritĂ© Ă©tait de transmission autosomique rĂ©cessive (50%), 42% Ă©taient de survenue sporadique et 4% de transmission autosomique dominante.En conclusion, l’efficacitĂ© du ES en solo (stratĂ©gie classique et additionnelle) pour identifier de nouveaux gĂšnes du dĂ©veloppement est faible, mais il permet d’étendre les spectres phĂ©notypiques de pathologie pĂ©diatrique connues. Une analyse des cas nĂ©gatif en trio voire en gĂ©nome est maintenant une piste Ă  explorer.Multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) are often genetic conditions, with a risk of recurrence. The etiologic diagnosis of these conditions in fetuses is mandatory to allow genetic counseling for the future pregnancies. Regarding current diagnostic tests (fetal autopsy, cytogenetic test and targeted molecular tets), the diagnostic rate in MCA fetuses is about 30%, allowing genetic counselling in only one third of families. Exome sequencing (ES) has allowed to identify the molecular basis of many new syndromes.We aimed to assess the contribution of ES solo-based strategy to identify new developmental genes in fetuses presenting with MCA without etiological diagnosis after standard investigations with an original multistep strategy.We performed solo ES in 95 MCA fetuses from 10 prenatal diagnostic centers in France. First, we focused on OMIM related disease genes, with a first step using bioinformatic scores and public databases independently of phenotype, a second step using genotype-phenotype correlation and a third step of research analysis extended to the whole exome. Variant confirmation and parental segregation were done by Sanger sequencing. ES allowed the identification of a causative variants in 23 fetuses (24%), variants of unknown significance (VUS) in 7 fetuses (7%) and variants in new candidate genes in 6 fetuses (6%). Among causative variants, most were from autosomal recessive inheritance (50%), 42% were sporadic and 4% were from autosomal dominant inheritance. The additionnal strategy identified 17/23 causative variants, including 2 new causative variants not identified by the classical approach because of atypical or extreme fetal phenotype, and 2 new VUS. No new candidate gene was identified by this strategy.To conclude, solo ES with classical and additionnal strategy presents a low efficiency to identify new genes implicated in embryonary development but allows the extension of the clinical spectrum of well-known pediatric pathologies to the prenatal period. Trio ES or genome sequencing would be now insteresting strategies to be explored

    TRAITEMENT DU DIABETE DE TYPE 2 PAR LES THIAZOLIDINEDIONES (INTERVENTION DU PPAR GAMMA)

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    LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocSudocFranceF
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