300 research outputs found
Defense semantics of argumentation: encoding reasons for accepting arguments
In this paper we show how the defense relation among abstract arguments can
be used to encode the reasons for accepting arguments. After introducing a
novel notion of defenses and defense graphs, we propose a defense semantics
together with a new notion of defense equivalence of argument graphs, and
compare defense equivalence with standard equivalence and strong equivalence,
respectively. Then, based on defense semantics, we define two kinds of reasons
for accepting arguments, i.e., direct reasons and root reasons, and a notion of
root equivalence of argument graphs. Finally, we show how the notion of root
equivalence can be used in argumentation summarization.Comment: 14 pages, first submitted on April 30, 2017; 16 pages, revised in
terms of the comments from MIREL2017 on August 03, 201
Designing Normative Theories for Ethical and Legal Reasoning: LogiKEy Framework, Methodology, and Tool Support
A framework and methodology---termed LogiKEy---for the design and engineering
of ethical reasoners, normative theories and deontic logics is presented. The
overall motivation is the development of suitable means for the control and
governance of intelligent autonomous systems. LogiKEy's unifying formal
framework is based on semantical embeddings of deontic logics, logic
combinations and ethico-legal domain theories in expressive classic
higher-order logic (HOL). This meta-logical approach enables the provision of
powerful tool support in LogiKEy: off-the-shelf theorem provers and model
finders for HOL are assisting the LogiKEy designer of ethical intelligent
agents to flexibly experiment with underlying logics and their combinations,
with ethico-legal domain theories, and with concrete examples---all at the same
time. Continuous improvements of these off-the-shelf provers, without further
ado, leverage the reasoning performance in LogiKEy. Case studies, in which the
LogiKEy framework and methodology has been applied and tested, give evidence
that HOL's undecidability often does not hinder efficient experimentation.Comment: 50 pages; 10 figure
A Conviviality Measure for Early Requirement Phase
In this paper, we consider the design of convivial multi-agent systems.
Conviviality has recently been proposed as a social concept to develop
multi-agent systems. In this paper we introduce temporal dependence networks to
model the evolution of dependence networks and conviviality over time, we introduce epistemic dependence networks to combine the viewpoints of stakeholders,
and we introduce normative dependence networks to model the transformation of
social dependencies by hiding power relations and social structures to facilitate
social interactions. We show how to use these visual languages in design, and we
illustrate the design method using an example on virtual children adoptions
Defense semantics of argumentation: revisit
In this paper we introduce a novel semantics, called defense semantics, for
Dung's abstract argumentation frameworks in terms of a notion of (partial)
defence, which is a triple encoding that one argument is (partially) defended
by another argument via attacking the attacker of the first argument. In terms
of defense semantics, we show that defenses related to self-attacked arguments
and arguments in 3-cycles are unsatifiable under any situation and therefore
can be removed without affecting the defense semantics of an AF. Then, we
introduce a new notion of defense equivalence of AFs, and compare defense
equivalence with standard equivalence and strong equivalence, respectively.
Finally, by exploiting defense semantics, we define two kinds of reasons for
accepting arguments, i.e., direct reasons and root reasons, and a notion of
root equivalence of AFs that can be used in argumentation summarization.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1705.0030
What is Input/Output Logic? Input/Output Logic, Constraints, Permissions
We explain the {em raison d\u27^etre} and basic ideas of input/output
logic, sketching the central elements with pointers to other
publications for detailed developments. The motivation comes from
the logic of norms. Unconstrained input/output operations are
straightforward to define, with relatively simple behaviour, but
ignore the subtleties of contrary-to-duty norms. To deal with these
more sensitively, we constrain input/output operations by means of
consistency conditions, expressed via the concept of an outfamily.
They also provide a convenient platform for distinguishing and
analysing several different kinds of permission
The Jiminy Advisor: Moral Agreements Among Stakeholders Based on Norms and Argumentation
An autonomous system is constructed by a manufacturer, operates in a society
subject to norms and laws, and is interacting with end users. All of these
actors are stakeholders affected by the behavior of the autonomous system. We
address the challenge of how the ethical views of such stakeholders can be
integrated in the behavior of the autonomous system. We propose an ethical
recommendation component, which we call Jiminy, that uses techniques from
normative systems and formal argumentation to reach moral agreements among
stakeholders. Jiminy represents the ethical views of each stakeholder by using
normative systems, and has three ways of resolving moral dilemmas involving the
opinions of the stakeholders. First, Jiminy considers how the arguments of the
stakeholders relate to one another, which may already resolve the dilemma.
Secondly, Jiminy combines the normative systems of the stakeholders such that
the combined expertise of the stakeholders may resolve the dilemma. Thirdly,
and only if these two other methods have failed, Jiminy uses context-sensitive
rules to decide which of the stakeholders take preference. At the abstract
level, these three methods are characterized by the addition of arguments, the
addition of attacks among arguments, and the removal of attacks among
arguments. We show how Jiminy can be used not only for ethical reasoning and
collaborative decision making, but also for providing explanations about
ethical behavior
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