5,940 research outputs found
Comparison of various lazaroid compounds for protection against ischemic liver injury
Lazaroids are a group of 21-aminosteroids that lack steroid action but have a potent cytoprotective effect by inhibiting iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. However, there have been conflicting reports on the effectiveness and potency of the various lazaroid compounds. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of three major lazaroids on warm liver ischemia in dogs using a 2-hr hepatic vascular exclusion model. The agents were given to the animals intravenously for 30 min before ischemia. The animals were divided into 5 groups: Control (n=10), no treatment; Group F (n=6), U-74006F (10 mg/kg); Group G (n=6), U-74389G (10 mg/kg); Group A1 (n=6), U-74500A (10 mg/kg); Group A2 (n=6), U-74500A (5 mg/kg). The effect of treatment was evaluated by two-week animal survival, hepatic tissue blood flow, liver function tests, blood and tissue biochemistry, and histological analyses. Animal survival in all treated groups was significantly improved compared with the control (83-100% versus 30%). Elevation of liver enzymes after reperfusion was markedly attenuated in treated groups, except for an early significant increase in Group G. Postreperfusion hepatic tissue blood flow was much higher in all treated animals (50% of the preischemic level vs. 25% in the control). Lazaroids, particularly U-74500A at 5 mg/kg (Group A2), suppressed adenine nucleotide degradation during ischemia and enhanced the resynthesis of high-energy phosphates after reperfusion. Although structural abnormalities in postreperfusion liver tissues were markedly ameliorated in all treated groups, Group A2 showed significantly less neutrophil infiltration. Liver injury from warm ischemia and reperfusion was attenuated with all lazaroid compounds, of which U-74500A at 5 mg/kg exhibited the most significant protective activity
Integrated production and inventory routing planning of oxygen supply chains
In this work, we address a production and inventory routing problem for a liquid oxygen supply chain comprising production facilities, distribution network, and distribution resources. The key decisions of the problem involve production levels of production plants, delivery schedule and routing through heterogeneous vehicles, and inventory strategies for national stock-out prevention. Due to the problem complexity, we propose a two-level hybrid solution approach that solves the problem using both exact and metaheuristic methods. At the upper level, we develop a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model that determines production and inventory decisions and customer allocation. In the lower level, the original problem is reduced to several multi-trip heterogeneous vehicle routing problems by fixing the optimal production, inventory, and allocation decisions and clustering customers. A well-recognised metaheuristic, guided local search method, is adapted to solve the low-level routing problems. A real-world case study in the UK illustrates the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed optimisation framework
Strained graphene structures: from valleytronics to pressure sensing
Due to its strong bonds graphene can stretch up to 25% of its original size
without breaking. Furthermore, mechanical deformations lead to the generation
of pseudo-magnetic fields (PMF) that can exceed 300 T. The generated PMF has
opposite direction for electrons originating from different valleys. We show
that valley-polarized currents can be generated by local straining of
multi-terminal graphene devices. The pseudo-magnetic field created by a
Gaussian-like deformation allows electrons from only one valley to transmit and
a current of electrons from a single valley is generated at the opposite side
of the locally strained region. Furthermore, applying a pressure difference
between the two sides of a graphene membrane causes it to bend/bulge resulting
in a resistance change. We find that the resistance changes linearly with
pressure for bubbles of small radius while the response becomes non-linear for
bubbles that stretch almost to the edges of the sample. This is explained as
due to the strong interference of propagating electronic modes inside the
bubble. Our calculations show that high gauge factors can be obtained in this
way which makes graphene a good candidate for pressure sensing.Comment: to appear in proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Worksho
Mtss1 promotes cell-cell junction assembly and stability through the small GTPase Rac1
Cell-cell junctions are an integral part of epithelia and are often disrupted in cancer cells during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a main driver of metastatic spread. We show here that Metastasis suppressor-1 (Mtss1; Missing in Metastasis, MIM), a member of the IMD-family of proteins, inhibits cell-cell junction disassembly in wound healing or HGF-induced scatter assays by enhancing cell-cell junction strength. Mtss1 not only makes cells more resistant to cell-cell junction disassembly, but also accelerates the kinetics of adherens junction assembly. Mtss1 drives enhanced junction formation specifically by elevating Rac-GTP. Lastly, we show that Mtss1 depletion reduces recruitment of F-actin at cell-cell junctions. We thus propose that Mtss1 promotes Rac1 activation and actin recruitment driving junction maintenance. We suggest that the observed loss of Mtss1 in cancers may compromise junction stability and thus promote EMT and metastasis
First direct observation of Dirac fermions in graphite
Originating from relativistic quantum field theory, Dirac fermions have been
recently applied to study various peculiar phenomena in condensed matter
physics, including the novel quantum Hall effect in graphene, magnetic field
driven metal-insulator-like transition in graphite, superfluid in 3He, and the
exotic pseudogap phase of high temperature superconductors. Although Dirac
fermions are proposed to play a key role in these systems, so far direct
experimental evidence of Dirac fermions has been limited. Here we report the
first direct observation of massless Dirac fermions with linear dispersion near
the Brillouin zone (BZ) corner H in graphite, coexisting with quasiparticles
with parabolic dispersion near another BZ corner K. In addition, we report a
large electron pocket which we attribute to defect-induced localized states.
Thus, graphite presents a novel system where massless Dirac fermions,
quasiparticles with finite effective mass, and defect states all contribute to
the low energy electronic dynamics.Comment: Nature Physics, in pres
Reach the Bottom Line of the Sbottom Search
We propose a new search strategy for directly-produced sbottoms at the LHC
with a small mass splitting between the sbottom and its decayed stable
neutralino. Our search strategy is based on boosting sbottoms through an
energetic initial state radiation jet. In the final state, we require a large
missing transverse energy and one or two b-jets besides the initial state
radiation jet. We also define a few kinematic variables to further increase the
discovery reach. For the case that the sbottom mainly decays into the bottom
quark and the stable neutralino, we have found that even for a mass splitting
as small as 10 GeV sbottoms with masses up to around 400 GeV can be excluded at
the 95% confidence level with 20 inverse femtobarn data at the 8 TeV LHC.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure
Globular Cluster Distance Determinations
The present status of the distance scale to Galactic globular clusters is
reviewed. Six distance determination techniques which are deemed to be most
reliable are discussed in depth. These different techniques are used to
calibrate the absolute magnitude of the RR Lyrae stars. The various
calibrations fall into three groups. Main sequence fitting using Hipparcos
parallaxes, theoretical HB models and the RR Lyrae in the LMC all favor a
bright calibration, implying a `long' globular cluster distance scale. White
dwarf fitting and the astrometric distances yield a somewhat fainter RR Lyrae
calibration, while the statistical parallax solution yields faint RR Lyrae
stars implying a `short' distance scale to globular clusters. Various secondary
distance indicators discussed all favor the long distance scale. The `long' and
`short' distance scales differ by (0.31+/-0.16) mag. Averaging together all of
the different distance determinations yields Mv(RR) = (0.23+/-0.04)([Fe/H] +
1.6) + (0.56+/-0.12) mag.Comment: Invited review article to appear in: `Post-Hipparcos Cosmic Candles',
A. Heck & F. Caputo (Eds), Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, in pres
Direct Evidence for Dominant Bond-directional Interactions in a Honeycomb Lattice Iridate Na2IrO3
Heisenberg interactions are ubiquitous in magnetic materials and have been
prevailing in modeling and designing quantum magnets. Bond-directional
interactions offer a novel alternative to Heisenberg exchange and provide the
building blocks of the Kitaev model, which has a quantum spin liquid (QSL) as
its exact ground state. Honeycomb iridates, A2IrO3 (A=Na,Li), offer potential
realizations of the Kitaev model, and their reported magnetic behaviors may be
interpreted within the Kitaev framework. However, the extent of their relevance
to the Kitaev model remains unclear, as evidence for bond-directional
interactions remains indirect or conjectural. Here, we present direct evidence
for dominant bond-directional interactions in antiferromagnetic Na2IrO3 and
show that they lead to strong magnetic frustration. Diffuse magnetic x-ray
scattering reveals broken spin-rotational symmetry even above Neel temperature,
with the three spin components exhibiting nano-scale correlations along
distinct crystallographic directions. This spin-space and real-space
entanglement directly manifests the bond-directional interactions, provides the
missing link to Kitaev physics in honeycomb iridates, and establishes a new
design strategy toward frustrated magnetism.Comment: Nature Physics, accepted (2015
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