74 research outputs found
Impact of coffee ground on ammonia concentration
Farmers should wait one week after spreading the composts until the ammonium concentration decreases. If the base component is too high, the plants could not grow well. If the soil is too acidic, the plants also cannot grow well. This study will reveal the optimal ratio of compost and coffee ground, which are base and acid, respectively. First, I prepare nine different ratios of compost, coffee ground, and potting soil. Then, five kidney beans were grown on each of the pots. Since kidney beans are easy to grow and grow fast, experiments were done with the kidney beans. All the other variables, including humidity, temperature, and lighting, were regulated. By measuring the soil pH, and the height and area of the leaves, the coffee and compost ratio was quantified. Our results show that an optimal coffee ground, compost, and soil combination should be 30-40-30 percent by weight. Furthermore, this study improves the ease of managing farms using coffee grounds and prevents the waste of the excessive amount of coffee residues being dumped every day
Class Incremental Learning for Adversarial Robustness
Adversarial training integrates adversarial examples during model training to
enhance robustness. However, its application in fixed dataset settings differs
from real-world dynamics, where data accumulates incrementally. In this study,
we investigate Adversarially Robust Class Incremental Learning (ARCIL), a
method that combines adversarial robustness with incremental learning. We
observe that combining incremental learning with naive adversarial training
easily leads to a loss of robustness. We discover that this is attributed to
the disappearance of the flatness of the loss function, a characteristic of
adversarial training. To address this issue, we propose the Flatness Preserving
Distillation (FPD) loss that leverages the output difference between
adversarial and clean examples. Additionally, we introduce the Logit Adjustment
Distillation (LAD) loss, which adapts the model's knowledge to perform well on
new tasks. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our method over
approaches that apply adversarial training to existing incremental learning
methods, which provides a strong baseline for incremental learning on
adversarial robustness in the future. Our method achieves AutoAttack accuracy
that is 5.99\%p, 5.27\%p, and 3.90\%p higher on average than the baseline on
split CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and Tiny ImageNet, respectively. The code will be
made available
How Large Is the impact of Exports on Economic Growth? New Evidence from the Korean Case
The positive relationship between trade and economic growth is one of the most fundamental propositions in economics field. However, the existing empirical studies tend to have emphasized statistical significance of the trade-growth nexus, but they have paid less attention to the actual size of trade’s impact on economic growth. Is exports’ impact sufficiently large to justify the widespread pro-trade prescriptions to attain the long-term growth? In this respect, this paper empirically examines the impact of exports on economic growth, for the case of Korea since its economic take-off period in 1960s. We adopt two inter-related GDP decomposition methods to quantify the contributions of export to GDP growth from a historical perspective. We find that export’s contribution to GDP growth has been substantial. Specifically, the average contribution of net exports to growth for the period of 1960-2014 is 30.3 percent, which means that net exports accounts for 2.3 percent point per annum of Korea’s GDP growth. This figure is truly a remarkable one, taken into consideration that the average growth rates of developed and developing countries were 3.17 percent and 3.37 percent over the last five decades, respectively
Bezold-Jarisch Reflex Induced by Dopamine during Isoflurane Anesthesia in Small Dogs
Background: Unlike other major reflexes contributing to hemodynamic homeostasis, the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR) paradoxically decreases heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) despite hypotension. In the veterinary field, there are few reported cases of BJR induced by dopamine, which is often used to manage hypotension. Herein, 2 cases involving small dogs exhibiting BJR due to dopamine infusion during general anesthesia are described.Cases: Case 1: A 7-year-old, 7 kg, mongrel was referred for external skeletal fixator removal. The patient was premedicated with 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol intravenously (IV). General anesthesia was induced with 6 mg/kg propofol and maintained with 1.6% isoflurane in oxygen. The patient was given 5 mL/kg/h of Hartmann’s solution IV. The respiratory rate (RR) was set to 9 breaths/min with a ventilator. The HR and MAP values were initially 120 bpm and 76 mmHg and gradually decreased to 70 bpm and 40 mmHg, respectively. The end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (ETCO2) was 39 mmHg, and the patient was administered 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate IV. Then, 5 μg/kg/min dopamine was administered IV since the MAP did not improve. The HR, MAP, and ETCO2 increased to 113 bpm, 72 mmHg, and 47 mmHg, respectively. Subsequently, HR and MAP dramatically decreased to 50 bpm and 43 mmHg, respectively. A second-degree atrioventricular block was detected, prompting dopamine infusion discontinuation, and 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate was again administered IV. Within 5 min, HR and MAP values normalized, and postoperative patient recovery was typical. Case 2: A 2-year-old, 8.6 kg, mongrel underwent surgery to correct a medial luxating patella of the right leg. The patient was premedicated with 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol IV. Anesthesia was induced with 4 mg/kg propofol IV and maintained with 3% isoflurane in oxygen; 10 mL/kg/h of Hartmann’s solution was administered IV. Within 15 min, the patient’s HR and MAP values decreased from 120 to 107 bpm and 73 to 50 mmHg, respectively. The ETCO2remained approximately 39 mmHg, and RR decreased from 20 to 17 breaths/min. Dopamine was infused at a rate of 5 µg/kg/min. After 10 min, the MAP slightly increased from 50 to 57 mmHg, but the HR dramatically decreased from 107 to 62 bpm and the RR also dropped to 12 breaths/min. Further, a second-degree atrioventricular block was observed. Dopamine infusion was immediately discontinued, and 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate was injected IV. As the HR returned to 94 bpm, the atrioventricular block disappeared, and the RR increased to 15 breaths/min. After general anesthesia was terminated, the patient recovered well.Discussion: Among drugs used for anesthesia, propofol and isoflurane may lower the MAP and HR. Therefore, HR or MAP decreases at the beginning of anesthesia are likely due to the drugs. Considering half-life, it is unlikely that propofol provoked sudden HR or MAP decreases at about 25 min post-induction. Isoflurane may also be ruled out since the hemodynamic disorder depended on dopamine injection. Sudden decreases in the HR, MAP, or RR after dopamine injection are not generally expected dopaminergic or adrenergic responses, which likely occur due to the vagal cardiopulmonary reflex suggesting the BJR resulting from activation of cardiac mechano- or chemoreceptors. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of dopamine-mediated BJR in young or middle-aged, small dogs. The BJR has been observed in older, larger dogs and humans. In the patients described, body condition score may be considered when estimating the cause of the BJR. Since they scored 8/9, it is possible that obesity increased the risk of the BJR. This report described the clinical features and treatment outcomes in young or middle-aged, obese, small-sized dogs, whose hypotension or bradycardia was exacerbated by dopamine.Keywords: Bezold-Jarisch reflex, dopamine, hypotension, bradycardia, canine.
Polarity-tunable magnetic tunnel junctions based on ferromagnetism at oxide heterointerfaces
Complex oxide systems have attracted considerable attention because of their
fascinating properties, including the magnetic ordering at the conducting
interface between two band insulators, such as LaAlO3 (LAO) and SrTiO3 (STO).
However, the manipulation of the spin degree of freedom at the LAO/STO
heterointerface has remained elusive. Here, we have fabricated hybrid magnetic
tunnel junctions consisting of Co and LAO/STO ferromagnets with the insertion
of a Ti layer in between, which clearly exhibit magnetic switching and the
tunnelling magnetoresistance (TMR) effect below 10 K. The magnitude and the of
the TMR are strongly dependent on the direction of the rotational magnetic
field parallel to the LAO/STO plane, which is attributed to a strong
Rashba-type spin orbit coupling in the LAO/STO heterostructure. Our study
provides a further support for the existence of the macroscopic ferromagnetism
at LAO/STO heterointerfaces and opens a novel route to realize interfacial
spintronics devices.Comment: 25 pages, 5 figure
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