426 research outputs found
Handwritten Digit Recognition by Spin Waves in a Skyrmion Reservoir
By performing numerical simulations for the handwritten digit recognition
task, we demonstrate that a magnetic skyrmion lattice confined in a thin-plate
magnet possesses high capability of reservoir computing. We obtain a high
recognition rate of more than 88%, higher by about 10% than a baseline taken as
the echo state network model. We find that this excellent performance arises
from enhanced nonlinearity in the transformation which maps the input data onto
an information space with higher dimensions, carried by interferences of spin
waves in the skyrmion lattice. Because the skyrmions require only application
of static magnetic field instead of nanofabrication for their creation in
contrast to other spintronics reservoirs, our result consolidates the high
potential of skyrmions for application to reservoir computing devices
Reservoir Computing with Spin Waves in Skyrmion Crystal
Magnetic skyrmions are nanometric spin textures characterized by a quantized
topological invariant in magnets and often emerge in a crystallized form called
skyrmion crystal in an external magnetic field. We propose that magnets hosting
a skyrmion crystal possess high potential for application to reservoir
computing, which is one of the most successful information processing
techniques inspired by functions of human brains. Our skyrmion-based reservoir
exploits precession dynamics of magnetizations, i.e., spin waves, propagating
in the skyrmion crystal. Because of complex interferences and slow relaxations
of the spin-wave dynamics, the skyrmion spin-wave reservoir attains several
important characteristics required for reservoir computing, e.g., the
generalization ability, the nonlinearity, and the short-term memory. We
investigate these properties by imposing three standard tasks to test the
performances of reservoir, i.e., the duration-estimation task, the short-term
memory task, and the parity-check task. Through these investigations, we
demonstrate that magnetic skyrmion crystals are promising materials for
spintronics reservoir devices. Because magnetic skyrmions emerge spontaneously
in magnets via self-organization process under application of a static magnetic
field, the proposed skyrmion reservoir requires neither advanced
nanofabrication nor complicated manufacturing for production in contrast to
other previously proposed magnetic reservoirs constructed with fabricated
spintronics devices. Our proposal is expected to realize a breakthrough in the
research of spintronics reservoirs of high performance.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figure
Dual-Organ Transcriptomic Analysis of Rainbow Trout Infected With Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Through Co-Expression and Machine Learning
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a major pathogen that causes a high mortality rate in trout farms. However, systemic responses to the pathogen and its interactions with multiple organs during the course of infection have not been well described. In this study, dual-organ transcriptomic responses in the liver and head kidney and hemato-serological indexes were profiled under I. multifiliis infection and recovery to investigate systemic immuno-physiological characteristics. Several strategies for massive transcriptomic interpretation, such as differentially expressed genes (DEGs), Poisson linear discriminant (PLDA), and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) models were used to investigate the featured genes/pathways while minimizing the disadvantages of individual methods. During the course of infection, 6,097 and 2,931 DEGs were identified in the head kidney and liver, respectively. Markers of protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, oxidative phosphorylation, and the proteasome were highly expressed. Likewise, simultaneous ferroptosis and cellular reconstruction was observed, which is strongly linked to multiple organ dysfunction. In contrast, pathways relevant to cellular replication were up-regulated in only the head kidney, while endocytosis- and phagosome-related pathways were notably expressed in the liver. Moreover, interestingly, most immune-relevant pathways (e.g., leukocyte trans-endothelial migration, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis) were highly activated in the liver, but the same pathways in the head kidney were down-regulated. These conflicting results from different organs suggest that interpretation of co-expression among organs is crucial for profiling of systemic responses during infection. The dual-organ transcriptomics approaches presented in this study will greatly contribute to our understanding of multi-organ interactions under I. multifiliis infection from a broader perspective.publishedVersio
The 5p15.33 Locus Is Associated with Risk of Lung Adenocarcinoma in Never-Smoking Females in Asia
Genome-wide association studies of lung cancer reported in populations of European background have identified three regions on chromosomes 5p15.33, 6p21.33, and 15q25 that have achieved genome-wide significance with p-values of 10−7 or lower. These studies have been performed primarily in cigarette smokers, raising the possibility that the observed associations could be related to tobacco use, lung carcinogenesis, or both. Since most women in Asia do not smoke, we conducted a genome-wide association study of lung adenocarcinoma in never-smoking females (584 cases, 585 controls) among Han Chinese in Taiwan and found that the most significant association was for rs2736100 on chromosome 5p15.33 (p = 1.30×10−11). This finding was independently replicated in seven studies from East Asia totaling 1,164 lung adenocarcinomas and 1,736 controls (p = 5.38×10−11). A pooled analysis achieved genome-wide significance for rs2736100. This SNP marker localizes to the CLPTM1L-TERT locus on chromosome 5p15.33 (p = 2.60×10−20, allelic risk = 1.54, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.41–1.68). Risks for heterozygote and homozygote carriers of the minor allele were 1.62 (95% CI; 1.40–1.87), and 2.35 (95% CI: 1.95–2.83), respectively. In summary, our results show that genetic variation in the CLPTM1L-TERT locus of chromosome 5p15.33 is directly associated with the risk of lung cancer, most notably adenocarcinoma
The influence of surface morphology of TiO2 coating on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells
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