Authorizing Copyright Infringement and the Control Requirement: A Look at P2P File-Sharing and Distribution of New Technology in the U.K., Australia, Canada, and Singapore

The doctrine of authorizing copyright infringement has been used to deal with the marketing of new Ttechnology that might be employed by a user to infringe copyright, from the distribution of blank cassette tapes and double-cassette tape recorders to photocopiers. It is being tested yet again with the distribution of peer-to-peer file-sharing software that enables the online exchange of MP3 music and other copyrighted files. This article looks at the different positions adopted in several Commonwealth jurisdictions, and examines the policy considerations behind these positions. It looks at, in particular, the recent Australian case of Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd. v. Sharman License Holdings Ltd. While many copyright infringement issues involve a balancing of the copyright owner’s interests against the alleged infringing user’s interests, the authorization concept is compounded by the further competing interests of promoting technology, as well as the interests of legitimate users who deploy the technology in lawful ways. The court’s challenge is to find an acceptable equilibrium among these interests

Authorizing Copyright Infringement and the Control Requirement: A Look at P2P File-Sharing and Distribution of New Technology in the U.K., Australia, Canada, and Singapore

The doctrine of authorizing copyright infringement has been used to deal with the marketing of new Ttechnology that might be employed by a user to infringe copyright, from the distribution of blank cassette tapes and double-cassette tape recorders to photocopiers. It is being tested yet again with the distribution of peer-to-peer file-sharing software that enables the online exchange of MP3 music and other copyrighted files. This article looks at the different positions adopted in several Commonwealth jurisdictions, and examines the policy considerations behind these positions. It looks at, in particular, the recent Australian case of Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd. v. Sharman License Holdings Ltd. While many copyright infringement issues involve a balancing of the copyright owner’s interests against the alleged infringing user’s interests, the authorization concept is compounded by the further competing interests of promoting technology, as well as the interests of legitimate users who deploy the technology in lawful ways. The court’s challenge is to find an acceptable equilibrium among these interests

Mid-infrared wavelength- and frequency-modulation spectroscopy with a pump-modulated singly-resonant optical parametric oscillator

We describe the implementation of the wavelength- and frequency-modulation spectroscopy techniques using a singly-resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a fiber-amplified diode laser. Frequency modulation of the diode laser was transferred to the OPO¿s mid-infrared idler output, avoiding the need for external modulation devices. This approach thus provides a means of implementing these important techniques with powerful, widely tunable, mid-infrared sources while retaining the simple, flexible modulation properties of diode lasers

Active multilayer mirrors for reflectance tuning at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths

We propose an active multilayer mirror structure for EUV wavelengths which can be adjusted to compensate for reflectance changes. The multilayer structure tunes the reflectance via an integrated piezoelectric layer that can change its dimension due to an externally applied voltage. Here, we present design and optimization of the mirror structure for maximum reflectance tuning. In addition, we present preliminary results showing that the deposition of piezoelectric thin films with the requisite layer smoothness and crystal structure are possible. Finally, polarization switching of the smoothest piezoelectric film is presented

Comment on "Role of heavy meson exchange in near threshold N N --> d pi"

In a recent paper by C. J. Horowitz (Phys. Rev. C {\bf 48}, 2920 (1993)) a heavy meson exchange is incorporated into threshold NN --> d pi to enhance the grossly underestimated cross section. However, that calculation uses an unjustified assumption on the initial and final momenta, which causes an overestimate of this effect by a factor of 3--4. I point out that the inclusion of the Delta(1232) isobar increases the cross section significantly even at threshold.Comment: 7 pages, figures by fax or mail from [email protected]

Ambiguity of gamma-ray tracking of "two-interaction" events

Tracking of gamma-ray interactions in germanium detectors can allow reconstruction of the photon paths, and is useful for many applications. Scrutiny of the kinematics and geometry of gamma rays which are Compton scattered only once prior to full absorption reveals that there are cases where even perfect spatial and energy resolution cannot resolve the true interaction sequence and consequently gamma-ray tracks cannot be reconstructed. The photon energy range where this ambiguity exists is from 255 keV to around 700 keV. This is a region of importance for nuclear structure research where two-point interactions are probable.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure

Ratchet Effects for Vortices in Superconductors with Periodic Pinning Arrays

Using numerical simulations we show that novel transport phenomena can occur for vortices moving in periodic pinning arrays when two external perpendicular ac drives are applied. In particular, we find a ratchet effect where the vortices can have a net dc drift even in the absence of a dc drive. This ratchet effect can occur for ac drives which create orbits that break one or more reflection symmetries.Comment: 4 pages, 4 postscript figures; Proceedings of Third European Conference on Vortex Matter in Superconductor

On the Ricci dark energy model

We study the Ricci dark energy model (RDE) which was introduced as an alternative to the holographic dark energy model. We point out that an accelerating phase of the RDE is that of a constant dark energy model. This implies that the RDE may not be a new model of explaining the present accelerating universe.Comment: 8 page

The flavour singlet mesons in QCD

We study the flavour singlet mesons from first principles using lattice QCD. We explore the splitting between flavour singlet and non-singlet for vector and axial mesons as well as the more commonly studied cases of the scalar and pseudoscalar mesons.Comment: 12 pages, LATEX, 4 ps figure

Comment on the "Coupling Constant and Quark Loop Expansion for Corrections to the Valence Appeoximation" by Lee and Weingarten

Lee and Weingarten have recently criticized our calculation of quarkonium and glueball scalars as being "incomplete" and "incorrect". Here we explain the relation of our calculations to full QCD.Comment: 5 pages,2 epsfigs. Submitted to the Comment section of Phys. Rev. D 28th April 199