Former des enseignants de français pour les nouvelles humanités numériques : enjeux épistémologiques et empiriques

Les humanités numériques issues de l'essor des nouvelles technologies, entre autres de l'apparition de l'Internet, ont stimulé la croissance de la littératie médiatique multimodale, qui se décline en pratiques extra-scolaires et scolaires. L'article décrit les fondements épistémologiques et empiriques de cette nouvelle littératie et donne quelques exemples de son application à la formation des futurs enseignants de français, plus particulièrement en suivant le modèle TPACK de Koehler et Mishra.The development of new technologies and of the web has created the digital humanities and has stimulated the growth of multimodal media literacy, which is found in extra-curricular and school practices. The paper describes the epistemological and empirical foundations of this new literacy and gives some examples of its application to the training of future teachers of French, mainly in following the TPACK model of Koehler and Mishra

La grammaire et le numérique : des premiers pas hésitants

Le manuel scolaire numérique est apparu récemment. Il vient amplifier le potentiel didactique du manuel traditionnel, entre autres par son utilisation de la multimodalité et de l’hypertexte. L’article se penche sur le cas particulier de vingt-et-un manuels numériques québécois de grammaire. Ils ont été analysés à l’aide d’une grille conçue avec le logiciel Microsoft Access. Trois volets de cette analyse sont ici présentés, soit la phrase, la conjugaison et les accords. En général, les manuels numériques de grammaire analysés témoignent d’une appropriation peu efficace du potentiel numérique, plusieurs n’étant qu’une simple copie PDF de leur version imprimée. Ainsi en est-il du traitement de la conjugaison, où l’interrelation entre les notions relatives au verbe est inexistante, ou encore, de l’accord de l’adjectif, pour lequel seulement la moitié des manuels recourt aux manipulations. Certaines collections se distinguent cependant par l’originalité de leur recours au numérique. Ainsi, pour la phrase, les plus récentes intègrent des démonstrations animées de transformations à partir de la phrase de base. De plus, ces manuels numériques offrent des exercices avec rétroaction immédiate, sous forme de note, de commentaire ou de retour vers le contenu théorique. L’utilisation bien timide du numérique dans tous les manuels de grammaire est cependant à repenser.Recently, the digital textbook has emerged. It amplifies the didactic potential of the traditional textbook, through its use of multimodality and hypertext. This article looks at the particular case of twenty-one digital Quebec grammar textbooks. These textbooks were analyzed using a grid designed with Microsoft Access. Three parts of this analysis are presented here, namely sentence, conjugation and agreement. In general, the digital grammar manuals that were analyzed show an inefficient appropriation of the inherent potential via digital publishing. Moreover, many of the textbooks are simply a PDF copy of their printed version. This is the case with the treatment of conjugation, in which the interrelation between notions relating to the verb is non-existent, or again with the agreement of the adjective, for which only half the manuals resort to manipulation. Some collections, however, are distinguished by the originality of their use of digital technology. Indeed, for the sentence, the most recently published textbooks integrate animated demonstrations of transformations from a basic sentence. In addition, they offer exercises with immediate feedback, in the form of a grade, a commentary or a return to the theoretical content. The timid use of digital in all grammar textbooks, however, needs to be rethought

Hystricognathy vs Sciurognathy in the Rodent Jaw: A New Morphometric Assessment of Hystricognathy Applied to the Living Fossil Laonastes (Diatomyidae)

While exceptional for an intense diversification of lineages, the evolutionary history of the order Rodentia comprises only a limited number of morphological morphotypes for the mandible. This situation could partly explain the intense debates about the taxonomic position of the latest described member of this clade, the Laotian rock rat Laonastes aenigmamus (Diatomyidae). This discovery has re-launched the debate on the definition of the Hystricognathi suborder identified using the angle of the jaw relative to the plane of the incisors. Our study aims to end this ambiguity. For clarity, it became necessary to revisit the entire morphological diversity of the mandible in extant and extinct rodents. However, current and past rodent diversity brings out the limitations of the qualitative descriptive approach and highlights the need for a quantitative approach. Here, we present the first descriptive comparison of the masticatory apparatus within the Ctenohystrica clade, in combining classic comparative anatomy with morphometrical methods. First, we quantified the shape of the mandible in rodents using 3D landmarks. Then, the analysis of osteological features was compared to myological features in order to understand the biomechanical origin of this morphological diversity. Among the morphological variation observed, the mandible of Laonastes aenigmamus displays an intermediate association of features that could be considered neither as sciurognathous nor as hystricognathous