Quality evaluation of orange flesh sweet potato flour in storage for two years.

Resumo TH29

Estudo funcional da proteína de movimento (NSm) de distintos Tospovirus

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, 2015.Vírus de planta desenvolveram uma classe de proteínas responsáveis por garantir a infecção e disseminação viral. Estudos vêm demonstrando que essa classe de proteínas de movimento (MPs), interage com o plasmodesma (PD), aumentando o seu limite de exclusão (LEP), possibilitando a passagem dos vírus. Várias estratégias são utilizadas para o estudo de movimento viral. Alguns sistemas baseiam-se na utilização de clones infecciosos que possibilitam a inserção de genes heterólogos de MPs. Para o estudo do movimento célula à célula e sistêmico utilizamos o vetor viral Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). O sistema consiste na utilização de transgênicos P12 em combinação com transcritos do RNA 3 adaptados para a inserção de genes heterólogos. Com base neste sistema, demonstramos que a proteína de movimento NSm, pode ter relação com a limitação ou amplitude no espectro de infecção viral devido às diferenças significativas observadas no movimento célula à célula e sistêmico de tospovírus que apresentam características moleculares e biológicas distintas (Capítulo II). Concluímos que a movimentação das espécies do gênero tospovírus é dependente da formação de vírions baseado no contexto AMV de infecção e movimentação (Capítulo II). Também concluímos que as MPs de 4 espécies de tospovírus estudadas, são eficientes na formação de túbulos. Em ensaios de truncamento das MPs observamos que para o BeNMV, o extremo C-terminal não é essencial para o movimento, a partir da identificação do limite de aminoácidos que poderiam ser deletados da MP sem inibição do movimento célula à célula. Contrastantemente, as MPs dos vírus CSNV, TCSV e TSWV demonstraram a necessidade da integridade da proteína para garantia do movimento (Capítulo II). Com a utilização das metodologias de “biomolecular fluorescence complementation” (BiFC) e tratamentos químicos com Na2CO3 e Ureia, a partir das MPs, sugerimos que as NSm se associam a membrana de forma periférica. Baseado em predições de hidrofobicidade e orientação topológicas (BiFC topology) sugerimos o modelo de interação da NSm com membrana celular, onde a região central hidrofóbica está mergulhada na periferia das membranas lipídicas e os extremos C e N-terminal livres apontados ao citoplasma (Capítulo III). Finalmente, com a metodologia de BiFC de interação, a partir de ensaios de dímeros, heterodímeros, intra-associação e inter-associação de homólogos e heterólogos de MP e NP (nucleoproteína) observamos que: i) todas NSm e N são eficientes na formação de dímeros ii) as NSm interagem com a sua N cognata e iii) nós observamos interação entre NSm, N e NSm-N entre espécies distintas de tospovírus. Estes resultados podem facilitar uma melhor interpretação das interações de proteína viral com especial ênfase na compreensão das questões de infecção mista. Além do uso de transgênicos na expressão de proteínas heterólogas para geração de resistência, abordagens através do uso de resistência natural também vem sendo exploradas contra espécies do gênero Tospovirus. O presente estudo avaliou o envolvimento de 4 NSm de distintos tospovírus com a resposta de resistência (reação de hipersensibilidade e necrose) mediada pelo gene Sw5-b inserido em plantas de Nicotiana benthamiana. Substituições dos aminoácidos de posição C118Y e T120N da proteína NSm, caracterizados como cruciais para resistência foram realizados. BeNMV, CSNV, TCSV e TSWV NSm wt fusionadas a HA (Hemagglutinin), em processo de agroinfiltração, foram desafiadas contra plantas de N. benthamiana transformadas com gene Sw5-b. Observamos a possível quebra de resistência a partir da NSm do BeNMV, onde não observou-se reação necrótica. Plantas infiltradas com as demais NSm reagiram com resposta necrótica (Capítulo IV). Novo ensaio com vetores contendo as NSm com modificação dos aminoácidos C118 por Y e T120 por N foi desenvolvido. Baseado no resultado do ensaio anterior, as MPs que continham os aminoácidos essenciais para ruptura da resistência, foram modificadas por aminoácidos que não garantem a ruptura e o contrário foi feito para aquelas MPs que não ultrapassaram a resistência. Com base nessa abordagem observamos que CSNV, TCSV e TSWV NSm superaram a resistência sem a formação de necrose foliar, resultado que difere do observado com as mesmas MPs sem mutação, e intrigantemente, a BeNMV NSm aparentemente também superou a resistência sem a formação de lesões locais e necrose foliar após a modificação dos aminoácidos, dado contrastante. No contexto de infecção viral utilizando o sistema AMV, não obtivemos resultados satisfatórios de manutenção ou ruptura da resistência. (Capítulo V). No gênero Tospovirus, pouco se sabe sobre o sítio de replicação ou sobre envolvimento de organelas celulares com o processo de infecção. Existem apenas evidências de expressão isolada das proteínas virais co-localizando com filamentos de Actina e miosina, Membrana, ER e Complexo de Golgi. No presente estudo, com auxílio de metodologia de BiFC, além de ensaio com expressão heteróloga da NSm no contexto de infecção do vírus Potato virus X (PVX), visualizamos a associação da NSm de tospovírus com cloroplatos. Hipotetizamos o possível envolvimento dessa organela com processo de infecção dos tospovírus (Capítulo IV)

Orchid fleck dichorhavirus movement protein shows RNA silencing suppressor activity.

[EN] To counteract RNA interference-mediated antiviral defence, virus genomes evolved to express proteins that inhibit this plant defence mechanism. Using six independent biological approaches, we show that orchid fleck dichorhavirus citrus strain (OFV-citrus) movement protein (MP) may act as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR). By using the alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) RNA 3 expression vector, it was observed that the MP triggered necrosis response in transgenic tobacco leaves and increased the viral RNA (vRNA) accumulation. The use of the potato virus X (PVX) expression system revealed that the cis expression of MP increased both the severity of the PVX infection and the accumulation of PVX RNAs, further supporting that MP could act as an RNA silencing suppressor (RSS). From the analysis of the RSS-defective turnip crinkle virus (TCV), we do not find local RSS activity for MP, suggesting a link between MP suppressor activity and the prevention of systemic silencing. In the analysis of local suppressive activity using the GFP-based agroinfiltration assay in Nicotiana benthamiana (16 c line), we do not identify local RSS activity for the five OFV RNA1-encoded proteins. However, when evaluating the small interfering RNA (siRNA) accumulation, we find that the expression of MP significantly reduces the accumulation of GFP-derived siRNA. Finally, we examine whether the MP can prevent systemic silencing in 16c plants. Our findings show that MP inhibits the long-distance spread of RNA silencing, but does not affect the short-distance spread. Together, our findings indicate that MP is part of OFV's counter-defence mechanism, acting mainly in the prevention of systemic long-distance silencing. This work presents the first report of a VSR for a member of the genus Dichorhavirus.This work was supported by grant PID2020-115571RB-100 from the Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 granting agency and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), and by the company INVESTIR IMOVEIS LDTA from Brasilia, Brazil.Oliveira Leastro, M.; Pallás Benet, V.; Sánchez-Navarro, JÁ. (2022). Orchid fleck dichorhavirus movement protein shows RNA silencing suppressor activity. Journal of General Virology. 103(11):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.0018051141031

The functional analysis of distinct tospovirus movement proteins (NSM) reveals different capabilities in tubule formation, cell-to-cell and systemic virus movement among the tospovirus species

[EN] The lack of infectious tospovirus clones to address reverse genetic experiments has compromised the functional analysis of viral proteins. In the present study we have performed a functional analysis of the movement proteins (NSM) of four tospovirus species Bean necrotic mosaic virus (BeNMV), Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which differ biologically and molecularly, by using the Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) model system. All NSM proteins were competent to: i) support the cell-to-cell and systemic transport of AMV, ii) generate tubular structures on infected protoplast and iii) transport only virus particles. However, the NSM of BeNMV (one of the most phylogenetically distant species) was very inefficient to support the systemic transport. Deletion assays revealed that the C-terminal region of the BeNMV NSM, but not that of the CSNV, TCSV and TSWV NSM proteins, was dispensable for cell-to-cell transport, and that all the non-functional C-terminal NSM mutants were unable to generate tubular structures. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis revealed that the C-terminus of the BeNMV NSM was not required for the interaction with the cognate nucleocapsid protein, showing a different protein organization when compared with other movement proteins of the `30K family¿. Overall, our results revealed clearly differences in functional aspects among movement proteins from divergent tospovirus species that have a distinct biological behavior.We thank L. Corachan for her excellent technical assistance. This work was supported by grant BIO2014-54862-R from the Spanish Direccion General de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica (DGICYT), the Prometeo Program GV2014/010 from the Generalitat Valenciana, CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico), Capes (Conselho de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior) and FAP-DF (Fundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal)Leastro, MO.; Pallás Benet, V.; Resende, RO.; Sanchez Navarro, JA. (2017). The functional analysis of distinct tospovirus movement proteins (NSM) reveals different capabilities in tubule formation, cell-to-cell and systemic virus movement among the tospovirus species. Virus Research. 227:57-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.023S576822

Rescue of a Cilevirus from infectious cDNA clones

[EN] Reverse genetics systems represent an important tool for studying the molecular and functional processes of viral infection. Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) (genus Cilevirus, family Kitaviridae) is the main pathogen responsible for the citrus leprosis (CL) disease in Latin America, one of the most economically important diseases of the citrus industry. Molecular studies of this pathosystem are limited due to the lack of infectious clones. Here, we report the construction and validation of a CiLV-C infectious cDNA clone based on an agroinfection system. The two viral RNA segments (RNA1 and RNA2) were assembled into two binary vectors (pJL89 and pLXAS). Agro-infiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana plants showed a response similar to that observed in the natural infection process with the formation of localized lesions restricted to the inoculated leaves. The virus recovered from the plant tissue infected with the infectious clones can be mechanically transmitted between N. benthamiana plants. Detection of CiLV-C subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) from agroinfiltrated and mechanically inoculated leaves further confirmed the infectivity of the clones. Finally, partial particle-purification preparations or sections of CiLV-C-infected tissue followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed the formation of CiLV-C virions rescued by the infectious clone. The CiLV-C reverse genetic system now provides a powerful molecular tool to unravel the peculiarities of the CL pathosystem.This work was supported by grant PID2020-115571RB-100 from the Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 granting agency.Leastro, MO.; Kitajima, EW.; Pallás Benet, V.; Sanchez Navarro, JA. (2024). Rescue of a Cilevirus from infectious cDNA clones. Virus Research. 339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2023.19926433

Influencia do sistema de irrigação e de cultivo na produção e na infestação de broqueadores de frutos na cultura do tomate orgânico.

Este trabalho tevo como objetivo determiar a influência dos sistemas de irrigação, do tipo de cobertura do solo e do cultivo consorciado na produção de tomate e na intensidade de ataque de T. absoluta e de S. eridania em tomateiro para mesa conduzido em sistema de orgânico.Suplemento. Trabalho apresentado no 52. Congresso Brasileiro de Olericultura, Salvador, 2012

Membrane Association and Topology of Citrus Leprosis Virus C2 Movement and Capsid Proteins

[EN] Although citrus leprosis disease has been known for more than a hundred years, one of its causal agents, citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2), is poorly characterized. This study described the association of CiLV-C2 movement protein (MP) and capsid protein (p29) with biological membranes. Our findings obtained by computer predictions, chemical treatments after membrane fractionation, and biomolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that p29 is peripherally associated, while the MP is integrally bound to the cell membranes. Topological analyses revealed that both the p29 and MP expose their N- and C-termini to the cell cytoplasmic compartment. The implications of these results in the intracellular movement of the virus were discussed.This work was supported by Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), proc. 2014/0845-9, 2017/50222-0, 2015/10249-1 and 2017/19898-8. This work was also supported by grant BIO2017-88321-R from the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), and the Prometeo Program GV2015/010 from the Generalitat Valenciana.Oliveira Leastro, M.; Freitas-Astua, J.; Watanabe Kitajima, E.; Pallás Benet, V.; Sanchez Navarro, JA. (2021). Membrane Association and Topology of Citrus Leprosis Virus C2 Movement and Capsid Proteins. Microorganisms. 9(2):1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020418199

Spontaneous Mutation in the Movement Protein of Citrus Leprosis Virus C2, in a Heterologous Virus Infection Context, Increases Cell-to-Cell Transport and Generates Fitness Advantage

[EN] Previous results using a movement defective alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) vector revealed that citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) movement protein (MP) generates a more efficient local movement, but not more systemic transport, than citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2) MP, MPs belonging to two important viruses for the citrus industry. Here, competition experiment assays in transgenic tobacco plants (P12) between transcripts of AMV constructs expressing the cilevirus MPs, followed by several biological passages, showed the prevalence of the AMV construct carrying the CiLV-C2 MP. The analysis of AMV RNA 3 progeny recovered from P12 plant at the second viral passage revealed the presence of a mix of progeny encompassing the CiLV-C2 MP wild type (MPWT) and two variants carrying serines instead phenylalanines at positions 72 (MPS72F) or 259 (MPS259F), respectively. We evaluated the effects of each modified residue in virus replication, and cell-to-cell and long-distance movements. Results indicated that phenylalanine at position 259 favors viral cell-to-cell transport with an improvement in viral fitness, but has no effect on viral replication, whereas mutation at position 72 (MPS72F) has a penalty in the viral fitness. Our findings indicate that the prevalence of a viral population may be correlated with its greater efficiency in cell-to-cell and systemic movements.This research was funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), grant numbers 2014/0845-9, 2017/50222-0, 2015/10249-1, 2017/19898-8 and by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), grant number PID2020-115571RB-100.Oliveira Leastro, M.; Villar-Álvarez, D.; Freitas-Astúa, J.; Watanabe Kitajima, E.; Pallás Benet, V.; Sanchez Navarro, JA. (2021). Spontaneous Mutation in the Movement Protein of Citrus Leprosis Virus C2, in a Heterologous Virus Infection Context, Increases Cell-to-Cell Transport and Generates Fitness Advantage. Viruses. 13(12):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122498S116131

Citrus Leprosis Virus C Encodes Three Proteins With Gene Silencing Suppression Activity

[EN] Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) belongs to the genusCilevirus, familyKitaviridae, and is considered the most devastating virus infecting citrus in Brazil, being the main viral pathogen responsible for citrus leprosis (CL), a severe disease that affects citrus orchards in Latin America. Here, proteins encoded by CiLV-C genomic RNA 1 and 2 were screened for potential RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) activity by five methods. Using the GFP-based reporter agroinfiltration assay, we have not found potential local suppressor activity for the five CiLV-C encoded proteins. However, when RSS activity was evaluated using the alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) system, we found that the p29, p15, and p61 CiLV-C proteins triggered necrosis response and increased the AMV RNA 3 accumulation, suggesting a suppressive functionality. From the analysis of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) accumulation, we observed that the ectopic expression of the p29, p15, and p61 reduced significantly the accumulation of GFP derived siRNAs. The use of the RSS defective turnip crinkle virus (TCV) system revealed that only thetrans-expression of the p15 protein restored the cell-to-cell viral movement. Finally, the potato virus X (PVX) system revealed that the expression of p29, p15, and p61 increased the PVX RNA accumulation; in addition, the p29 and p15 enhanced the pathogenicity of PVX resulting in the death of tobacco plants. Furthermore, PVX-p61 infection resulted in a hypersensitive response (HR), suggesting that p61 could also activate a plant defense response mechanism. This is the first report describing the RSS activity for CiLV-C proteins and, moreover, for a member of the familyKitaviridae.This work was supported by Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), proc. 2014/0845-9, 2017/50222-0, 2015/10249-1, and 2017/19898-8. This work was also supported by Instituto para la Formacion y Aprovechamiento de Recursos Humanos, Becas IFARHU-SENACYT, contrato 270-2018-361, grant BIO2017-88321-R from the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI), Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), and the Prometeo Program GV2015/010 from the Generalitat Valenciana.Leastro, MO.; Ortega Castro, DY.; Freitas-Astúa, J.; Kitajima, EW.; Pallás Benet, V.; Sanchez Navarro, JA. (2020). Citrus Leprosis Virus C Encodes Three Proteins With Gene Silencing Suppression Activity. Frontiers in Microbiology. 11:1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01231S11611Anandalakshmi, R., Pruss, G. J., Ge, X., Marathe, R., Mallory, A. C., Smith, T. H., & Vance, V. 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