68 research outputs found
Antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizing the nasopharynx of Colombian children with pneumonia
Colonización nasofaríngea y resistencia antimicrobiana de Streptococcus pneumoniae en niños de una guardería en Santa Fe de Bogotá.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most important bacteria1 agent of acute respiratory disease in children less than 2 years old. S. pneumoniae colonizes the nasopharynx at birth and human beings are the only reservoir for the disease. At present, the worldwide propagation of resistant S. pneumoniae strains is considered a public health problem. The aim of this study was to establish, during six months, the percentage of S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriers in a population of 20 children less than 2 years old attending a day care center. Additionally, to determine the distribution of capsular types and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates recovered. The global percentage of colonization was 69%. All children were colonized at least once during the study period. The most frequent S. pneumoniae capsular types were'23F (41 %), 19F (26%), 6A (10%) and 10A(6%) and diminished susceptibility to penicillin (DSP) was established in 53% of the isolates. Global resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMPSX) was 68% to chloramphenicol, 43% and to erythromycin, 3%; besides, 42% of the isolates were multiresistant, being penicillin, TMPSX and chloramphenicol the most common pattern.The capsular types associated with DSP were 23F (72%), 19F (1 1%), 23A (8%), 6A (6%) and 15 (3%).The data showed the high percentage of colonization as well as antimicrobial resistance of the isolates with the potential risk of dissemination to the community. The data also underlined the importance of asurveillance system with carriers.Streptococcus pneumoniae es el principal agente etiológico bacteriano de infección respiratoria aguda en niños. Esta bacteria coloniza la nasofaringe desde el momento del nacimiento, y el hombre se constituye, así, en el reseworio de la infección. La atención mundial se centra actualmente en la propagación de los aislamientos de S. pneumoniae resistentes a los antimicrobianos. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de establecer, mediante un seguimiento de seis meses, el porcentaje de colonización por Spneumoniae en un grupo de 20 niños menores de 2 años que asistían a una guardería, así como la distribución de los tipos capsulares de los aislamientos recuperados y los patrones de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. Se obtuvieron 98 muestras nasofaríngeas con las que se estableció un porcentaje global de colonización por S. pneumoniae de 69%. Todos los niños fueron colonizados, por lo menos una vez durante el tiempo de estudio. Los serotipos más frecuentes fueron: 23F (41%), 19F (26%), 6A (10%) y 10A (6%) y la susceptibilidad disminuida a la penicilina (SDP) se estableció en 53%. La resistencia global al trimetoprimsulfametoxazol (TMS) fue de 68%, al cloranfenicol de 43% y a la eritromicina de 3%. Los porcentajes de resistencia presentaron variaciones durante los meses de estudio. El 42% de los aislamientos fue multirresistente y el patrón predominante fue la asociación penicilina, TMS y cloranfenicol. Los serotipos con SDP fueron 23F (72%), 19F (1 1%), 23A (8%), 6A (6%) y 15 (3%). En la guardería en estudio, los datos obtenidos señalan el alto porcentaje de circulación de aislamientos con resistencia antimicrobiana, lo que constituye un factor de riesgo para su diseminación en la comunidad; también destacan la importancia de implementar un sistema de vigilancia con portadores, lo que permite monitorizar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de este patógeno
Revisión sistemática de la resistencia antimicrobiana en cocos Gram positivos intrahospitalarios en Colombia
Introduction. Bacterial resistance is a public health problem worldwide whose proper management requires knowledge of its presence and its behavior in each region and country.Objectives. A survey of the medical literature was conducted to identify levels of resistance to antibiotic markers in Gram positive bacterial isolates from Colombian hospitals.Materials and methods. A systematic review of the literature included articles indexed in MEDLINE and LILACS. A manual search was made of Colombian scientific journals and other infectious disease literature not available electronically.Results. A total of 34 observational studies were located, including a series of consecutive reports initiated in 2001. Most of the reports came from the city of Bogota. The rate of methicillin resistance for Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci in non intensive care unit isolates ranged between 35%-50% and 72%-76%, respectively. Resistance in intensive care unit isolates had a range between 35%-71% and 74%-83%, respectively. The rate of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium averaged less than 20% over the years but with large annual variation .Conclusions. Resistance markers appeared in high frequency among Gram positive isolates identified in hospitals in major Colombian cities.Introducción. La resistencia bacteriana es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, cuyo adecuado manejo implica el conocimiento de su presencia y comportamiento en cada uno de los países y regiones del mundo.Objetivos. Describir el perfil de resistencia a los distintos antimicrobianos marcadores en microorganismos Gram positivos identificados en hospitales colombianos.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura indexada en Medline y Lilacs, además de la búsqueda manual de todos los números en revistas colombianas reconocidas y afines a la infectología para identificar referencias no disponibles electrónicamente.Resultados. De 34 estudios observacionales, sólo se cuenta con reportes consecutivos en años a partir del 2001, estos principalmente para Bogotá. La tasa de resistencia a la meticilina de Staphylococcus aureus y estafilococos coagulasa negativos en Bogotá, de aislamientos en servicios diferentes a la unidad de cuidados intensivos, oscilan de 35 % a 50 % y de 72 % a 76 %, respectivamente; en aislamientos de la unidad de cuidados intensivos, la resistencia osciló de 35 % a 71 % y de 74 % a 83 %, respectivamente. La tasa de resistencia a vancomicina para Enterococcus faecium en Bogotá es menor de 20 % con variaciones muy grandes con el paso de los años.Conclusiones. Hay una alta resistencia a los antibióticos marcadores en los aislamientos de Gram positivos identificados en hospitales de las principales ciudades colombianas
Resistance to antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Colombian hospitals
Q4Artículo original605-610Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections cause high morbidity and mortality. We performed a descriptive analysis
of the rates of antibiotic resistance in isolates of P. aeruginosa in 33 hospitals enrolled in a surveillance network in
Colombia. The study was conducted between January 2005 and December 2009 .9905 isolates of P. aeruginosa
were identified,(4.9 % of all strains). In intensive care units (ICU) P. aeruginosa showed an overall resistance
to aztreonam, cefepime , ceftazidime, imipenem, meropenem , and piperacillin / tazobactam of 31.8% , 23.9% ,
24.8%, 22.5%, 20.3% and 22.3%, respectively. Resistance rates increased for piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime,
and imipenem; remained unchanged for meropenem; and decreased for aminoglycosides, quinolones and
ceftazidime. Resistance to one, two and three or more families of antibiotics was found in 17%, 12.5%, and
32.1%, respectively. In samples collected from the wards, the resistance rate was lower but usually over 10%.
Antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa isolates in hospitalized patients and particularly in those admitted to
ICUs in Colombia is high
Epidemiología molecular de infección nosocomial por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido.
Molecular epidemiology applied to the study of nosocomial infection has been fundamental in formulating and evaluating control methods. From patients in a level 3 Bogota hospital, Klebsiella pneumoniae samples were isolated that produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Each of 15 isolates was characterized microbiologically and by molecular characters realized by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and by repetitive-DNA sequences amplification (REP-PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility and ESBL production was determined in accordance with NCCLS guidelines. The beta-lactamases were evaluated by isoelectric-focusing and PCR. Twelve (80%) of the isolates were associated with nosocomial infection; 11 of them were from intensive care units. The antibiotic susceptibility displayed 13 resistance patterns--87% presented co-resistance to amikacin, 53% to gentamicin, 33% to ciprofloxacin, 40% to cefepime, 67% to piperacillin/tazobactam, 60% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and 47% to chloranphenicol. All were sensitive to imipenem. Production of TEM and SHV beta-lactamases was detected simultaneously in most isolates by isoelectric focusing and 93.3% produced a ceftazidimase of pl 8.2 of the SHV-5 type. The 15 isolates were grouped into 11 and 12 electrophoretic patterns by PFGE and REP-PCR, respectively. The degree of genetic variability indicated an endogenous origin of the nosocomial infections.La epidemiología molecular aplicada al estudio de las infecciones nosocomiales ha sido fundamental para la formulación y la evaluación de las medidas de control; con este fin, se caracterizaron microbiológica y molecularmente aislamientos de Klebsiella pneumoniae productores de beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) obtenidos de pacientes en un hospital de tercer nivel de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. Se tipificaron quince aislamientos por electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE) y por amplificación de secuencias de ADN repetidas (REP-PCR). La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y la producción de BLEE se determinaron de acuerdo con las normas de NCCLS. Las beta-lactamasas se evaluaron por isoelectroenfoque y PCR. El 80% de estos aislamientos se asociaron con infección nosocomial y de éstos, el 91,7% provenía de unidades de cuidado intensivo. La susceptibilidad antibiótica mostró 13 patrones de resistencia; 87% de los aislamientos presentó corresistencia a amikacina, 53% a gentamicina, 33,3% a ciprofloxacina, 40% a cefepime, 66,7% a piperacilina/tazobactam, 60% trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol y 46,7% a cloranfenicol. Todos fueron sensibles a imipenem. En la mayoría de los aislamientos se detectó producción simultánea de beta-lactamasas del tipo TEM y SHV y el 93,3% produjo ceftazidimasa de pI 8.2 del tipo SHV-5. Los 15 aislamientos fueron agrupados por PFGE y REP-PCR en 11 y 12 patrones electroforéticos, respectivamente. Esta variabilidad genética está relacionada con infecciones nosocomiales de origen endógeno más que por infecciones cruzadas
Risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: A multicenter matched case-control study
Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent pathogen at critical care services. Its presence leads to increased hospital stays and mortality risk in patients with bacteremia. However, the etiology of this resistance marker has not been fully studied. Objective: To identify risk factors associated with the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia in critically ill patients treated at intensive care units in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective paired case-control study, nested in a cohort of patients diagnosed with S. aureus bacteremia and treated at intensive care units between 2006 and 2008 in Bogotá. Cases were patients with positive blood culture to methicillin resistance, matched in a 1:1 ratio with methicillin-sensitive controls isolated from the same institution and hospitalization year. We used conditional logistic regression to analyze the risk factors associated with the presence of resistance, with emphasis on prior antibiotic therapy. Results: We included 372 patients with S. aureus bacteremia. Factors such as the use of pre-hospital devices: vascular (OR=1.986, 95% CI 1.038 to 3.801) and urinary (OR=2.559, 95% CI: 1.170 to 5.596), along with the number of previously used antibiotics, were associated with the emergence of resistance. The number of antibiotics used previously was determined to have a gradient effect, particularly carbapenems. Conclusions: The rational use of antibiotics and surveillance of exposure to surgical procedures or use of invasive devices are interventions that could diminish the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia causes
Evaluación de la herramienta SaTScan-Whonet para la detección precoz de brotes en infecciones bacterianas en una institución de tercer nivel de atención en Colombia
ResumenIntroducciónLas infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud representan un problema de salud pública y la transmisión horizontal supone un incremento en la morbimortalidad y los costos en la atención. La vigilancia activa es costosa y tiene alto riesgo de omitir la detección de brotes, mientras que la virtual (modelos matemáticos) permite la búsqueda sistemática de alertas de brotes.El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la relación costo-efectividad del uso de la herramienta SaTScan-Whonet para la detección temprana de infecciones bacterianas, comparada con la vigilancia tradicional en una institución de alta complejidad de Colombia.MetodologíaEn un hospital universitario de alta complejidad se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, se identificó un brote bacteriano, se caracterizó clínicamente y por biología molecular. Se extrajeron las bases de datos de los sistemas automatizados de identificación y susceptibilidad microbiológica. Se realizaron análisis retrospectivos de SaTScan-Whonet, así como simulaciones diarias para el primer semestre de 2011 de manera prospectiva; también se identificó la fecha para la alerta de detección de brote, tanto en la vigilancia activa como en la virtual.ResultadosSe aislaron 4.584 microorganismos en los servicios de hospitalización tanto UCI como no UCI entre 2010 y 2011 (2.288 y 2.296 respectivamente). Por vigilancia activa se notificó un brote por Enterococcus faecium el 28 de marzo de 2011, que fue caracterizado por biología molecular con la presencia del gen Van A, que confiere resistencia a glucopéptidos. Se identificó de manera retrospectiva una manifestación de Enterococcus faecium entre el 14 de marzo y el 10 de mayo de 2011 con un intervalo de recurrencia de 609.384. En los análisis prospectivos simulados se identificó la primera alerta de brote de esta bacteria el 13 de abril de 2011 con un intervalo de recurrencia de 3.897 (p=0,0002655).ConclusiónLa utilización de dicha herramienta de manera prospectiva no fue superior a la vigilancia activa en cuanto a oportunidad en la detección. Los análisis retrospectivos tuvieron un alto rendimiento diagnóstico y podrían ser de utilidad para los sistemas de vigilancia y control de los entes reguladores.AbstractBackgroundHealthcare-associated infections represent a public health problem, and horizontal transmission has led to an increase in morbidity and mortality as well as higher health care costs. Active surveillance is expensive and carries high risk of failing to detect outbreaks. Virtual surveillance (mathematical models) allows a systematic search for alerts to outbreaks.The objective of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the SaTScan-Whonet tool for the early detection of outbreaks of bacterial infection, compared with traditional surveillance, in an institution of high complexity in Colombia.MethodologyIn a university hospital of high complexity a retrospective study was performed, identifying a bacterial outbreak that was characterised clinically and by molecular biology techniques. Databases of automated systems of identification and microbiological susceptibility were extracted. Retrospective analyses were performed using SaTScan-Whonet and daily simulations during the first semester of 2011 in a prospective manner. The date for the alert to the detection of the outbreak for both active and virtual surveillance was also identified.ResultsA total of 4,584 microorganisms were isolated both inside and outside the ICU between 2010 and 2011 (2,288 and 2,296, respectively). An outbreak of Enterococcus faecium was identified by active surveillance on March 28, 2011. Using molecular biology techniques, the outbreak was characterised, showing the presence of the vanA gene, which confers resistance to glycopeptides. An alert to an Enterococcus faecium outbreak was retrospectively identified between March 14 and May 10, 2011 with a recurrence interval of 609,384. The first alert to outbreak for this bacterium was identified in a prospective simulated analysis on April 13, 2011 with a recurrence interval of 3,897 (P=.0002655).ConclusionThe use of such a tool prospectively is not superior to active surveillance in regard to timely detection of bacterial outbreaks. Retrospective analyses have high diagnostic ability and could be very helpful in systems of surveillance and control of regulatory entities
Evaluation of the SaTScan-Whonet tool for detecting outbreaks of bacterial infection in a tertiary healthcare institu-tion in Colombia
Introducción:Las infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud representan un problema de saludpública y la transmisión horizontal supone un incremento en la morbimortalidad y los costos en la atención. La vigilancia activa es costosa y tiene alto riesgo de omitir la detección de brotes, mientras que la virtual (modelos ma-temáticos) permite la búsqueda sistemática de alertas de brotes. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la relación costo-efectividad del uso de la herramienta SaTS-can-Whonet para la detección temprana de infecciones bacterianas, comparada con la vigilancia tradicional en una institución de alta complejidad de Colombia.Metodología:En un hospital universitario de alta complejidad se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, se identificó un brote bacteriano, se caracterizó clínicamente y por biología molecular. Se extrajeron las bases de datos de los sistemas automatizados de identificación y susceptibilidad microbiológica. Se realizaron análisis retrospectivos de SaTScan-Whonet, así como simulaciones diarias para el primer semestre de 2011 de manera prospectiva; también se identificó la fecha para la alerta de detección de brote, tanto en la vigilancia activa como en la virtual.Resultados: Se aislaron 4.584 microorganismos en los servicios de hospitalización tanto UCIcomo no UCI entre 2010 y 2011 (2.288 y 2.296 respectivamente). Por vigilancia activa se notificó un brote por Enterococcus faecium el 28 de marzo de 2011, que fue caracterizado por biología molecular con la presencia del gen Van A, que confiere resistencia a glucopéptidos. Se identificó de manera retrospectiva una alerta de brote para E. faecium entre el 14 de marzo y el 10 de mayo de 2011 con un intervalo de recurrencia de 609.384. En los análisis prospectivos simulados se identificó la primera alerta de brote de esta bacteria el 13 de abril de 2011 con un intervalo de recurrencia de 3.897 (p = 0,0002655).Conclusión:La utilización de dicha herramienta de manera prospectiva no fue superior a lavigilancia activa en cuanto a oportunidad en la detección. Los análisis retrospectivos tuvieron un alto rendimiento diagnóstico y podrían ser de utilidad para los sistemas de vigilancia y control de los entes reguladores.Artículo original88-95Background: Healthcare-associated infections represent a public health problem, and horizontal transmission has led to an increase in morbidity and mortality as well as higher health care costs. Active surveillance is expensive and carries high risk of failing to detect outbreaks. Virtual surveillance (mathematical models) allows a systematic search for alerts to outbreaks. The objective of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the SaTScan-Whonet tool for the early detection of outbreaks of bacterial infection, compared with traditional surveillance, in an institution of high complexity in Colombia.Methodology:In a university hospital of high complexity a retrospective study was performed,identifying a bacterial outbreak that was characterised clinically and by molecular biology techniques. Databases of automated systems of identification and microbiological susceptibility were extracted. Retrospective analyses were performed using SaTScan-Whonet and daily simulations during the first semester of 2011 in a prospective manner. The date for the alert to the detection of the outbreak for both active and virtual surveillance was also identified.Results: A total of 4,584 microorganisms were isolated both inside and outside the ICU bet-ween 2010 and 2011 (2,288 and 2,296, respectively). An outbreak of Enterococcus faecium was identified by active surveillance on March 28, 2011. Using molecular biology techniques, the outbreak was characterised, showing the presence of the vanA gene, which confers resistance to glycopeptides. An alert to an Enterococcus faecium outbreak was retrospectively identified between March 14 and May 10, 2011 with a recurrence interval of 609,384. The first alert to outbreak for this bacterium was identified in a prospective simulated analysis on April 13, 2011 with a recurrence interval of 3,897 (P=.0002655).Conclusion:The use of such a tool prospectively is not superior to active surveillance in regardto timely detection of bacterial outbreaks. Retrospective analyses have high diagnostic ability and could be very helpful in systems of surveillance and control of regulatory entities
Diseminación de Klebsiella pneumoniae productoras de KPC-3 en hospitales de Bogotá durante un periodo de tres años
Introduction: One of the major worldwide public health problems today are the infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), among which carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), constitutes one of the most common pathogens causing nosocomial infection.Objective: This study was aimed at describing the dissemination of KPC-3 enzyme-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in clinical isolates from hospitals in Bogotá.Materials and methods: Eighty-two CRKP isolates collected from 10 hospitals in Bogota from 2008-2010 were analysed; disk diffusion and microdilution were used for phenotypic detection of enzymes and PCR for genotyping. Automated and manual methods were used for determining profiles for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) with 13 agents. PFGE was used for obtaining the isolates’ genetic relationship.Results: This study gives an overview of CRKP to present resistance to multiple antibiotic families. The CRKPs were grouped in different clones, each having different subtypes, and were spread in the 10 hospitals over the three-year period (2008-2010).Conclusions: The dissemination of KPC-3-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial isolates in Bogotá highlights the need for strengthening epidemiological surveillance against this type of microorganism and the development of specific priority activities for preventing and controlling such infection. Introducción. Uno de los principales problemas de salud pública a nivel mundial son las infecciones producidas por enterobacterias resistentes a los carbapenémicos, entre las cuales Klebsiella pneumoniae es uno de los patógenos que con mayor frecuencia causa infecciones en el ámbito hospitalario.Objetivo. El objetivo del estudio fue describir la diseminación de aislamientos clínicos de K. pneumoniae productores de la enzima KPC-3 recuperados en hospitales de Bogotá.Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 82 aislamientos de K. pneumoniae resistentes a antibióticos carbapenémicos recuperados entre el 2008 y el 2010 en 10 hospitales, a los cuales se les realizaron pruebas de detección fenotípica de enzimas por difusión de disco y microdilución, y de detección genotípica por PCR. La determinación de perfiles de sensibilidad frente a 13 antimicrobianos se realizó por métodos automatizados y manuales. La relación genética de los aislamientos se obtuvo por la técnica de PFGE.Resultados. Este estudio presenta el panorama del comportamiento de las enterobacterias resistentes a los carbapenémicos diseminadas en el curso de tres años en 10 hospitales de la ciudad, con características de resistencia a múltiples familias de antibióticos y pertenecientes a varios grupos de clones, cada uno con diferentes subtipos.Conclusiones. La diseminación de aislamientos clínicos de K. pneumoniae productores de enzima KPC-3 en Bogotá plantea la necesidad de fortalecer las acciones de vigilancia epidemiológica frente a este tipo de microorganismos y el desarrollo prioritario de actividades específicas de prevención y control de infecciones
An epidemiological and molecular study regarding the spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a teaching hospital in Bogotá, Colombia 2016
Background: Enterococcus faecium is ranked worldwide as one of the top ten pathogens identified in healthcare-associated infections (HAI) and is classified as one of the high priority pathogens for research and development of new antibiotics worldwide. Due to molecular biology techniques' higher costs, the approach for identifying and controlling infectious diseases in developing countries has been based on clinical and epidemiological perspectives. Nevertheless, after an abrupt vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium dissemination in the Méderi teaching hospital, ending up in an outbreak, further measures needed to be taken into consideration. The present study describes the vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium pattern within Colombian's largest installed-bed capacity hospital in 2016. Methods: Thirty-three vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates were recovered during a 5-month period in 2016. Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis was used for molecular typing to determine clonality amongst strains. A modified time-place-sequence algorithm was used to trace VREfm spread patterns during the outbreak period and estimate transmission routes. Results: Four clonal profiles were identified. Chronological clonal profile follow-up suggested a transitional spread from profile 'A' to profile 'B', returning to a higher prevalence of 'A' by the end of the study. Antibiotic susceptibility indicated high-level vancomycin-resistance in most isolates frequently matching vanA gene identification. Discussion: Transmission analysis suggested cross-contamination via healthcare workers. Despite epidemiological control of the outbreak, post-outbreak isolates were still being identified as having outbreak-related clonal profile (A), indicating reduction but not eradication of this clonality. This study supports the use of combined molecular and epidemiological strategies in an approach to controlling infectious diseases. It contributes towards a more accurate evaluation of the effectiveness of the epidemiological measures taken regarding outbreak control and estimates the main cause related to the spread of this microorganism. © 2019 The Author(s)
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