Results of an industrial survey on the use of surface texture parameters

In 1999, CIRP conducted an industrial survey of the use of surface texture parameters [1]. In the seventeen years since, much has changed, with the most important advancement being the introduction of areal surface texture parameters as described in ISO 25178-2 [2]. There has also been the release of commercial software packages for the calculation of surface texture parameters and, therefore, it is expected that industry is starting to embrace areal surface texture characterisation. Industry is also increasingly using more optical instruments, which are often inherently areal in nature. These factors bring to light the need for a new parameter survey, to investigate whether industry really has been adopting areal surface texture parameters. This study used an online survey to obtain information about the current use of surface texture parameters in industry. The survey features both profile and areal surface texture parameters defined in specification standards ISO 4287 [3], ISO 25178-2 [2], ISO 12085 [4] and ISO 13565-2/3 [5, 6]. The survey was open to responses for eight months and obtained a total of 179 responses from a variety of industrial users of surface texture parameters spread across thirty-two countries. Responses from the survey offer information about the usage of individual surface texture parameters, highlighting any parameters that are unpopular and may require attention. The survey also enables participants to share their opinion on the current range of parameters in use, giving an insight into the perception of surface texture parameters in industry. The results from the survey highlight a strong adoption by industry of the areal surface texture parameters defined in ISO 25178-2. In comparison to the 1999 survey, there has also been an overall increase in the use of profile surface texture parameters, and an increase in the variety of parameters used, particularly for the ISO 4287 roughness parameters, suggesting a better understanding of the range of parameters available and their uses. Conversely, this increase in parameter variety could be due to the greater computational power available to users of surface texture parameters, allowing them to use more parameters with little cost. The results of the surface texture parameter survey will serve as an indication of the current state of the industry to those interested in the widespread acceptance and evolution of surface texture parameters. The analysis of the survey will identify common potential improvement areas in surface texture parameter selection and provide a starting point from which to better promote the current selection and better educate the users

An industrial survey on the use of surface texture parameters

In 1999, CIRP conducted an industrial survey of the use of surface texture parameters [1]. In the seventeen years since, much has changed, with the most important advancement being the introduction of areal surface texture parameters as described in ISO 25178-2 [2]. There has also been the release of commercial software packages for the calculation of surface texture parameters and, therefore, it is expected that industry is starting to embrace areal surface texture characterisation. Industry is also increasingly using more optical instruments, which are often inherently areal in nature. These factors bring to light the need for a new parameter survey, to investigate whether industry really has been adopting areal surface texture parameters. This study used an online survey to obtain information about the current use of surface texture parameters in industry. The survey features both profile and areal surface texture parameters defined in specification standards ISO 4287 [3], ISO 25178-2 [2], ISO 12085 [4] and ISO 16565-2/3 [5, 6]. The survey was open to responses for eight months and obtained a total of 179 responses from a variety of industrial users of surface texture parameters spread across thirty-two countries. Responses from the survey offer information about the usage of individual surface texture parameters, highlighting any parameters that are unpopular and may require attention. The survey also enables participants to share their opinion on the current range of parameters in use, giving an insight into the perception of surface texture parameters in industry. The results from the survey highlight a strong adoption by industry of the areal surface texture parameters defined in ISO 25178-2. In comparison to the 1999 survey, there has also been an overall increase in the use of profile surface texture parameters, and an increase in the variety of parameters used, particularly for the ISO 4287 roughness parameters, suggesting a better understanding of the range of parameters available and their uses. Conversely, this increase in parameter variety could be due to the greater computational power available to users of surface texture parameters, allowing them to use more parameters with little cost. The results of the surface texture parameter survey will serve as an indication of the current state of the industry to those interested in the widespread acceptance and evolution of surface texture parameters. The analysis of the survey will identify common potential improvement areas in surface texture parameter selection and provide a starting point from which to better promote the current selection and better educate the users

Choline Inhibition of Prothrombinase

The purpose of this study was to characterize the inhibitory effects of choline on the terminal enzymatic complex of the blood coagulation cascade. Reports in the literature have indicated that choline lengthens whole plasma clotting time with a likely site of inhibition being the step that converts prothrombin (II) to thrombin (IIa). In order to quantitate the effects of choline on prothrombinase activity, bovine factor V and human factor II were isolated in this laboratory by established methods, and other prothrombinase components were obtained from commercial sources. The activity of venom-activated bovine factor Xa was assayed in the presence of factors II and Va, phospholipid, Ca2+, and chromogenic substrate (Kabi S-2238). The release of p-nitroaniline from S-2238 was measured, by continuous spectrophotometric monitoring of incubation mixtures at 400 nm, as an index of IIa production. Under these assay conditions, choline acted as a mixed-type inhibitor of the prothrombinase complex with an apparent KI of 25 mM and an apparent KI\u27 of 41 mM. At similar concentrations, choline also increased the activated coagulation time of whole-blood. The inhibition of prothrombinase activity was independent of [Ca2+], factor Va, and micelle phospholipid composition, suggesting an interaction between choline and factors Xa and/or II

The Relationship Between Investments in Intangible Resources and Liquidation for Financially Distressed Firms

Working with a sample of manufacturing and non-manufacturing firms that filed for bankruptcy protection between 1980 and 2009, the current study examines the relationship between investments in intangibles and the likelihood that the bankrupt firm will either be reorganized or face liquidation. Results for the manufacturing sub-sample show that R&D is the only significant variable associated with liquidation. Over-investment in R&D appears to increase the likelihood of liquidation. Similarly, results for the non-manufacturing sub-sample show that over-investment in advertising appears to increase the likelihood of liquidation. Our conclusion is that firms that are forced to liquidate are often guilty of over-investing in intangible assets

Industrial survey of ISO surface texture parameters

Results of an international survey are presented, detailing the use of surface texture parameters in industry. The survey received 179 responses from a total of 34 countries, revealing the use of a variety of parameters from ISO 4287, ISO 12085, ISO 13565-2/3 and ISO 25178-2. The survey responses show an increase in the number of users of profile parameters, and an increase in the range of surface texture parameters used, compared to the results from a similar survey in 1999, as well as a significant uptake of the new areal surface texture parameters. Individual sector usage is also discussed

Study of manufacturing and measurement reproducibility on a laser textured structured surface

In recent years there has been increasing interest in the use of structured surfaces to provide specific functional performance. Such surfaces often consist of localised micro-scale surface features with predetermined geometries. The performance of the feature manufacturing process affects the functional performance of the surface, and can be assessed by measurement of the resulting surface features. Measurement of the resulting micromanufactured surface features necessitates use of areal optical surface topography instruments. However, conventional characterisation methods, based on areal surface texture parameters, often prove inadequate, and may fail to capture the relevant geometric properties needed for an effective dimensional verification. This paper investigates an alternative route to verification, based on the determination of geometric attributes of the microfabricated features. This approach allows for direct assessment of manufacturing process performance, by comparison of the geometric attributes with their nominal values. An example application is shown in which a micromachining process (laser texturing) is used to fabricate a periodic pattern of dimples, which provide a low friction bearing surface. In this paper, manufacturing process performance is assessed by characterisation of the diameter and out-of-roundness. Sources of uncertainty associated with these geometric parameters are also considered

A programmable software framework for the generation of simulated surface topography

A flexible and programmable software framework has been developed that enables the creation of simulated, areal surface topography datasets. The framework allows the creation of surfaces through a layered approach where deterministic topographic structures can be combined with pseudo-random periodic and non-periodic components. The software can be used to generate reference topographies useful for the testing and validation of surface metrology methods and algorithms. The software framework is implemented in Matlab, and features a graphical user interface that enables easy navigation, and allows users to control the topography creation process. In addition to providing a complete analytical description for some classes of generated surfaces, the framework allows the surface datasets to be exported in the Surface Data File format, thus enabling easy transfer to a wide array of commercial surface metrology software applications

The use of areal surface texture parameters to characterize the mechanical bond strength of copper on glass plating applications

This report describe research into the role that surface topography plays in influencing the mechanical bond strength of the electroless copper plating of novel glass substrates. The work considers bespoke laser machining of glass substrates, electroless plating chemistry, areal surface topography analysis using non-contact optical techniques, paramaterization of the surfaces using ISO 25178 areal parameters, and scratch testing of plated copper to measure the adhesive bond strength. By correlating bond strength to appropriate areal parameters, it is anticipated that better mechanical adhesive potential of machined glass surfaces can be achieved