Diseño y evaluación de un programa para la prevención del abuso sexual en los niños de primaria

Se evaluó el impacto de un programa de intervención, que permita a los niños y niñas la adquisición de habilidades y conocimientos que sirvan para prevenir un posible daño a su salud provocado por el abuso sexual, así mismo les permita transitar positivamente por la etapa de niñez.El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar el impacto de un programa de intervención, que permita a los niños y niñas la adquisición de habilidades y conocimientos que sirvan para prevenir un posible daño a su salud provocado por el abuso sexual, así mismo les permita transitar positivamente por la etapa de niñez. Esta investigación se basa en un diseño cuasiexperimental con dos grupos (intervención y control). En este proyecto, el pretest involucra la medición de una variable dependiente antes de la intervención, posteriormente, el grupo experimenta el tratamiento para que después al término de este, se aplique el mismo instrumento a manera de postest, para conocer los efectos en la variable dependiente posterior a la intervención. El trabajo de intervención incluyó 63 niños, de los cuales fueron 32 para el grupo experimental y 31 para el grupo control que estuvieron en espera. Se aplicó un pretest con la finalidad de conocer las creencias que tienen los niños acerca de su autocuidado, para identificar si existía un posible abuso sexual infantil. Para esto se utilizó el Children’s Knowledge of Abuse Questionnaire (Tutty, 1992). Con base a los resultados obtenidos en el cuestionario se elaboró un taller de 8 sesiones enfocado a la prevención del abuso sexual. Los cambios obtenidos en el postest en comparación con el pretest, arrojaron un incremento de conocimientos sobre abuso sexual en los niños, para que ellos tuvieran las herramientas y así evitarán un posible abuso sexual

Specimen records of benthic macroinvertebrate samples collected by Norman H. Anderson in the vicinity of Mount St. Helens, 1980-1990

A private collection of 903 vials containing mostly aquatic macroinvertebrates is presented from Dr. Norman Herbert Anderson, Professor of Entomology at Oregon State University from 1962-1995. The majority of these specimens were collected from multiple freshwater streams during his research at Mount St. Helens (WA, USA) soon after the May 18, 1980 eruption. This collection also includes 15 vials containing specimens collected by Luis A. Fusté from the Muddy River (WA, USA) on March 29, 1980, less than 2 months before the eruption. The vast majority of these vials include a label indicating the sampling location, the date collected, and taxonomic identification

Within-species variation in foliar chemistry influences aquatic leaf litter decomposition

Leaf-litter inputs provide substrate and energy to stream systems. These contributions vary based on species-specific differences in litter quality, but little is known about how differences in litter quality within a species can affect ecosystem processes. Genetic variation within tree species, such as oaks and cottonwoods, affects ecosystem processes including decomposition and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems and has the potential to do the same in streams. We collected litter from 5 genotypes of each of 4 different cottonwood cross types (Populus fremontii, Populus angustifolia, and natural F1 and backcross hybrids), grown in a common garden, and measured their decomposition rates using litter bags in the Weber River, Utah. The proportion of 35 species-specific P. fremontii restriction-fragment length polymorphism markers in the genotype explained 46% and genetically controlled phytochemical mechanisms (e.g., % soluble condensed tannin in litter) explained .72% of the variation in leaf-litter decomposition rate, respectively. Understanding how natural genetic variation in plants can affect ecosystem processes will provide baseline information with which to address the loss of genetic variation (through habitat fragmentation and global change) and altered genetic variation through hybridization with cultivars and transgenic manipulations in the wild

Increased Resistance of Bt Aspens to Phratora vitellinae (Coleoptera) Leads to Increased Plant Growth under Experimental Conditions

One main aim with genetic modification (GM) of trees is to produce plants that are resistant to various types of pests. The effectiveness of GM-introduced toxins against specific pest species on trees has been shown in the laboratory. However, few attempts have been made to determine if the production of these toxins and reduced herbivory will translate into increased tree productivity. We established an experiment with two lines of potted aspens (Populus tremula×Populus tremuloides) which express Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) toxins and the isogenic wildtype (Wt) in the lab. The goal was to explore how experimentally controlled levels of a targeted leaf beetle Phratora vitellinae (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) influenced leaf damage severity, leaf beetle performance and the growth of aspen. Four patterns emerged. Firstly, we found clear evidence that Bt toxins reduce leaf damage. The damage on the Bt lines was significantly lower than for the Wt line in high and low herbivory treatment, respectively. Secondly, Bt toxins had a significant negative effect on leaf beetle survival. Thirdly, the significant decrease in height of the Wt line with increasing herbivory and the relative increase in height of one of the Bt lines compared with the Wt line in the presence of herbivores suggest that this also might translate into increased biomass production of Bt trees. This realized benefit was context-dependent and is likely to be manifested only if herbivore pressure is sufficiently high. However, these herbivore induced patterns did not translate into significant affect on biomass, instead one Bt line overall produced less biomass than the Wt. Fourthly, compiled results suggest that the growth reduction in one Bt line as indicated here is likely due to events in the transformation process and that a hypothesized cost of producing Bt toxins is of subordinate significance

Global Patterns and Controls of Nutrient Immobilization On Decomposing Cellulose In Riverine Ecosystems

Microbes play a critical role in plant litter decomposition and influence the fate of carbon in rivers and riparian zones. When decomposing low-nutrient plant litter, microbes acquire nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the environment (i.e., nutrient immobilization), and this process is potentially sensitive to nutrient loading and changing climate. Nonetheless, environmental controls on immobilization are poorly understood because rates are also influenced by plant litter chemistry, which is coupled to the same environmental factors. Here we used a standardized, low-nutrient organic matter substrate (cotton strips) to quantify nutrient immobilization at 100 paired stream and riparian sites representing 11 biomes worldwide. Immobilization rates varied by three orders of magnitude, were greater in rivers than riparian zones, and were strongly correlated to decomposition rates. In rivers, P immobilization rates were controlled by surface water phosphate concentrations, but N immobilization rates were not related to inorganic N. The N:P of immobilized nutrients was tightly constrained to a molar ratio of 10:1 despite wide variation in surface water N:P. Immobilization rates were temperature-dependent in riparian zones but not related to temperature in rivers. However, in rivers nutrient supply ultimately controlled whether microbes could achieve the maximum expected decomposition rate at a given temperature

Wolfe_et_al_2018_data_files

Contains data and community matrix file

Wolfe_et_al_2018_bioinformatics

Contains mapping files, OTU tables, bioinformatics processing script, and note

rhytisma_R_script

R script for analyses and figure

Impacts of Invasive Riparian Knotweek On Litter Decomposition, Aquatic Fungi, and Macroinvertebrates

Bohemian knotweed (Polygonum × bohemicum), the hybrid between Japanese and giant knotweed, is the most common invasive knotweed species in western North America and the most difficult to control. Invasive knotweed congeners spread aggressively along streams and establish dense monotypic stands, reducing riparian plant species diversity. Allochthonous organic matter inputs from riparian plants are an important source of energy and nutrients for organisms in small streams. However, little information exists concerning the influence of knotweed on stream processes. This study examines the quality of Bohemian knotweed leaves compared to native red alder and black cottonwood leaves, along with leaf-associated fungal biomass accumulation, macroinvertebrate communities, and decay rates from three forested streams in western Washington State. Senesced knotweed leaves were lower in nitrogen and phosphorus, and higher in cellulose, fiber, and lignin content than alder leaves, but were more similar to cottonwood leaves. Fungal biomass differed among species and changed over time. Macroinvertebrate shredders collected from leaf packs after 31 days were proportionately more abundant on alder leaves than knotweed and cottonwood. Decay rates were not significantly different among leaf species, but during the first 31 days alder broke down faster than knotweed. After 56 days, all of the leaf packs were mostly decomposed. Overall, these findings do not show major discrepancies between leaf species except those related to initial litter structural and chemical quality. However, changes in the timing and quantity of litter inputs are also important factors to be considered in understanding the impact of invasive knotweed on stream ecosystem processes