16 research outputs found

    Etude des dépÎts de chaleur dans le tokamak Tore Supra

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    Mesurer les flux de chaleur déposés sur les parois internes d'un tokamak est essentiel pour assurer la sécurité de la machine. Afin d'accéder à des décharges performantes de longues durées, l'optimisation des scénarii expérimentaux utilisés nécessite également de comprendre les phénomÚnes physiques mis en jeu dans le plasma de bord. L'objectif de cette thÚse est d'étudier les dépÎts de chaleur calculés sur les parois internes du tokamak Tore Supra. Pour quantifier les puissances déposées sur les composants face au plasma de la machine, une approche de type méthode inverse est tout d'abord appliquée aux températures mesurées par les diagnostics IR et calorimétrie (température de surface des composants et température de l'eau de refroidissement). Une incohérence entre le motif de dépÎt de chaleur calculé sur le plancher de la machine (le limiteur pompé toroïdal, LPT) et l'empreinte de flux théorique attendue sur la paroi est alors constatée : un étalement de la puissance conduite en dehors des zones mouillées théoriques ainsi qu'un fort piquage de flux incidents dans la zone de tangence (proche de la DerniÚre Surface Magnétique Fermée) sont observés. Une étude expérimentale du motif de flux calculé sur le LPT est également réalisée pour différents chocs à facteur de sécurité q variable. Dans la zone du LPT en accord avec les prédictions théoriques, cette analyse montre que l'étalement du dépÎt de chaleur sur la paroi, induit par la diminution de q, est compensé par une réduction de la longueur de décroissance q dans la SOL. A l'inverse, en dehors des zones mouillées théoriques, l'étalement des flux de chaleur observé est accentué lorsque q diminue.AIX-MARSEILLE1-BU Sci.St Charles (130552104) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Lecture 2 : Basics for linear estimation, the white box case

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    Lecture 2 : Basics for linear estimation, the white box case

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    Analyse revisitée de l'expérience de puissance résiduelle PUIREX 2008 dans le Réacteur à Neutrons Rapides Phénix

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    International audienceFast neutron reactors are of particular interest in the context of reducing carbon emissions, as they offer an attractive uranium economy and are crucial for closing the fuel cycle. To construct new reactors, safety issues must be studied thoroughly, and decay heat is a critical parameter, as demonstrated during the Fukushima accident. To ensure reactor safety, it is necessary to know the decay heat throughout the fuel cycle. Calculation tools are being developed at CEA and have been validated by comparing them with experiments performed in Sodium Fast Reactors Phénix and Superphénix. For many years, there have been inconsistencies between the experimental and calculated decay heat values for French SFRs. The analysis of the 2008 PUIREX experiment in Phénix has been revisited, and a new method has been tested to obtain the decay heat from temperature measurements. Explanations for the discrepancies with the calculations have been found

    Neutronical aspects of a decay heat measurement: the PRESTO experiment

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    https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/abs/2020/01/epjconf_animma2019_04005/epjconf_animma2019_04005.htmlInternational audienceDecay heat is the thermal power released byradioactive decays of unstable isotopes after the nuclear reactor shutdown, and delayed fission reactions. It constitutes a key parameter for the nuclear reactor safety and the nuclear fuel cycle; for this reason, design codes have to be qualified by comparison with experimental measurements. The CEA's package DARWIN2.3 has been qualified for the calculation of PWR decay heat with two integral measurements: the MERCI experience and the CLAB laboratory's experiments; performed respectively on the following cooling time intervals: 40 min 40 days and 12 years 25 years. A lack of validation in the first hour of cooling time requires to consider large margins on the calculated decay heat value. As a result, delays in core unloading, intervention of human operators and safety systems dimensioning may occur. The PRESTO experiment, under conception at CEA, deals with a decay heat measurement between 1 and 40 minutes of cooling time for a PWR fuel sample irradiated in the Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR). A previous thermal study showed that measurements could be sensitive to the decay heat 1 minute after the beginning of the cooling time. Now, a more precise estimation of power sources was performed with the Monte-Carlo code TRIPOLI. In this framework, four different device configurations were considered. Our results show that the irradiation power is not enough elevated in configurations where a tungsten shield is present

    Calculation of heat flux and evolution of equivalent thermal contact resistance of carbon deposits on Tore Supra neutralizer

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    International audienceThis paper presents a newheat flux computation applied to the neutralizer of Tore Supra using a deconvolution procedure and the thermal quadrupoles method. A steady deposition of carbon takes place at a rate of about 30 nm/s on the actively cooled carbon fibre composite (CFC) surface of the neutralizer. Thermal measurements of the surface temperature are available through optical fibre-based infrared thermography. These measurements are used to estimate the heat flux and to follow the temporal evolution of a single parameter, representing the thermal properties of the growing thin carbon layer. This parameter corresponds to an equivalent thermal resistance Req (in m2KW−1). During the first 2000 s of plasma operation on a new CFC neutralizer surface, Req rises about proportionally with exposure time. From then on no significant further evolution of Req is observed. We interpret this as indication for a thermal and mechanical detachment of the deposit from the substrate for deposits exceeding a thickness of 60”m

    Identification of space and time varying thermal resistance: Numerical feasibility for plasma facing materials

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    International audienceThe present paper deals with a non-linear unsteady calculation combined with the conjugate gradient method (CGM) and the adjoint state, in order tocharacterize in-situ the spatial and time variation of the thermal resistance Rth of a surface layer. This paper presents the numerical feasibility of this method for the plasma-facing components (PFC), and precisely on the surface carbon layer (SCL), usually poorly attached to the PFC in the fusion machines, a realistic experiment design was used. The accuracy of the method is examined by using simulated inexact infrared measurements obtained on the SCL surface. The advantages of applying the CGM with the adjoint state in the present study, are that no prior information is needed on the time variation and for the initial guesses of the unknown thermal resistance

    Estimation locale de diffusivités directionnelles : Détection & quantification d'endommagement mécanique de composites

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    National audienceDans ce travail, une méthode d'estimation de diffusivités thermiques est mise au point. Le principe consiste à exciter thermiquement avec un laser (créneau temporel, spatialement ponctuel) une zone d'un échantillon et de mesurer par thermographie IR le champ de température sur la face opposée. Les minimisations du critÚre quadratique entre un modÚle thermique 3D et les mesures infrarouges sont effectuées dans l'espace fréquentiel (décomposition des directions x et y en harmoniques) afin d'obtenir un résultat plus précis, plus rapide et moins sensible au bruit de mesure. Les minimisations sont réalisées dans un premier temps sur des données bruitées numériques, puis sur des données expérimentales

    Solving the infrared reflections contribution by inversion of synthetic diagnostics: First results on WEST

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    International audienceInfrared (IR) diagnostics are used to measure plasma-facing components (PFC) surface temperature in fusion devices. However, the interpretation of such images is complex in all-reflective environments because of unknown emissivity and multiple reflections issues. In order to assess these challenges an iterative inversion method based on a fast photonic model, the radiosity method, has been developed. This method is applied to two different direct models based on different geometries, Sec-Tore and RADIOS, in order to estimate temperatures from experimental-like data simulated with a Monte Carlo ray-tracing code with diffuse reflective surfaces or specularly reflective surfaces. RADIOS allows retrieving temperature on colder targets (lower than 200°C) with errors of 33% and the peak temperatures with errors of 6%
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