Pharmacoepidemiologic approach of antibiotic use and its impact on antibiotic resistance

La pharmaco-épidémiologie, par l’application des méthodes et raisonnements épidémiologiques à l’usage des antibiotiques, permet d’appréhender leurs conditions d’utilisation dans la population et leurs effets induits tels que la résistance bactérienne. Par des études descriptives, il est possible de déterminer les quantités d’antibiotiques utilisées, les motifs d’utilisation et les acteurs de cette utilisation (vétérinaires, éleveurs...). Par des études analytiques, il est possible d’ étudier le lien existant entre utilisation des antibiotiques, conditions d’élevage et résistance bactérienne aux antibiotiques. Toutes ces études et les connaissances ainsi acquises doivent permettre de caractériser l’usage des antibiotiques en élevage et d’agir sur les pratiques si nécessaire, pour réduire notamment les risques de sélection et de diffusion de résistance. Ceci doit contribuer à la définition et à la promotion d’un usage raisonné des antibiotiques. Le présent article expose, au travers des actions mises en œuvre en France dans le cadre d’une convention DGAL-AFSSA, l’application de cette démarche pharmaco- épidémiologique à l’usage des antibiotiques en productions animales en France.Pharmaco-epidemiology deals with the quantities of drugs consumed and their effects on populations in terms of epidemiological concepts and tools. Applied to the animal production, descriptive studies provide important information about the amount of antibiotics that are consumed, how and for which purpose. Analytical studies are also carried out about what could be considered as a consequence of antibiotic consumption : bacterial antimicrobial resistance. Those studies are designed to assess the relationships between antibiotic consumption, rearing conditions and antibiotic-resistant bacterial carriage by animals. Therefore, pharmaco- epidemiological studies improve knowledge about antibiotic consumption and its consequences in term of bacterial resistance. By the way they contribute to the definition of a rational and prudent use of antibiotics in animal production

Dust exposure and health of workers in duck hatcheries

Objectives The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to investigate dust exposure and respiratory health of workers in duck hatcheries in western France. Material and Methods Ninety volunteer workers, who work in sorting rooms and/or incubation rooms, participated in exposure assessments and medical examinations. Medical examinations were performed by occupational health practitioners.They filled-in a questionnaire with the workers, followed by a lung function test on each worker. General characteristics and prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms were described in each type of working rooms. Associations between symptoms and exposure (working room or dust level) were studied in GEE multivariate models. Results Overall prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm) and chronic bronchitis were similar or lower than in the reference population. However, prevalence of these symptoms was higher for those working in sorting rooms, that were associated with an increased risk of respiratory symptoms and decreased lung function. Respirable dust was also significantly associated with an increased risk of respiratory symptoms. The prevalence of asthma and rhinitis were well above those in the reference population, but did not vary among working rooms. Descriptive data suggested an occupational origin for some cases. Conclusions Hatchery workers were at increased risk of compromised respiratory health due to dust exposure, particularly those who work in sorting rooms. Asthma and rhinitis were in excess in this population of workers. Thorough clinical examination of these workers should be performed and all exposures assessed

Retrospective studies on rabbit haemorrhagic disease outbreaks caused by RHDV GI.2 virus on farms in France from 2013 to 2018

[EN] Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a critical health threat to the rabbit industry in Europe. In 2018, the French rabbit industry adopted a voluntary control plan against this disease. In this context, two epidemiological studies were conducted on RHD outbreaks that occurred between 2013 and 2018 in France. The objectives were to describe the spread of RHD due to the new genotype RHDV GI.2 (rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus GI.2) and to identify rearing factors influencing the occurrence of the disease in order to guide the prevention measures recommended in the control plan. An analysis of cases on 295 farms between 2013 and 2017 showed that 32% of farms were affected at least once; the incidence of the disease increased in 2016-2017 compared to 2013-2015. Farms already affected in 2013-2015 had a higher risk of being infected in 2016-2017 than those that remained unaffected until 2015 (Relative Risk and 95% Confident Interval 1.7 [1.1-2.7]). A case-control study carried out between 2016 and 2018 on 37 outbreaks and 32 control farms revealed variability in biosecurity and decontamination practices between farms. The risk of being infected tends to be linked to these practices, but certain structural factors (e.g. the manure disposal system, transfer of rabbits at weaning) could also influence the risk of virus introduction into farms. In the context of a limited vaccination coverage of the farms (only females are vaccinated), these hypotheses will be studied further, using information from the RHD outbreak monitoring system implemented at the same time as the control plan in 2018.This study was founded by the French Ministry of Agriculture (2017-430 / 170274).Huneau-Salaün, A.; Boucher, S.; Fontaine, J.; Le Normand, B.; Lopez, S.; Maurice, T.; Nouvel, L.... (2021). Retrospective studies on rabbit haemorrhagic disease outbreaks caused by RHDV GI.2 virus on farms in France from 2013 to 2018. World Rabbit Science. 29(2):87-98. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2021.12800OJS8798292Abrantes J., Van der Loo W., Le Pendu J., Esteves P.J. 2012. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV): a review. Vet. Res., 43: 12.https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-43-12Capucci L., Cavadini P., Schiavitto M., Lombardi G., Lavazza A. 2017. Increased pathogenicity in rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus type 2 (RHDV2). Vet. Record., 180: 426. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104132Carvalho C.L., Leclerc Duarte E., Monteiro J.M., Afonso C., Pacheco J., Carvalho P., Mendonça P., Botelho A., Albuquerque T., Themudo P., Fevereiro M., Henriques A.M., Santos Barros S., Dias Duarte M. 2017. Progression of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 upon vaccination in anindustrial rabbitry: a laboratorial approach. World Rabbit Sci., 25: 73-85. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2017.5708Cooke B.D., Fenner F. 2002. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease and the biological control of wild rabbits, Oryctolagus Cuniculus, in Australia and New Zealand. Wildlife Res., 29: 689-706. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR02010Dalton K.P., Balseiro A., Juste R.A., Podadera A., Nicieza I., del Llano D., González R., Martin Alonso J.M., Prieto J.M., Parra F., Casais R. 2018. Clinical course and pathogenicity of variant rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in experimentally infected adult and kit rabbits: Significance towards control and spread. Vet. Microbiol., 220: 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.033Dohoo I., Martin W., Stryhn H. 2003. Measures of disease frequency. In: Veterinary Epidemiologic Research, First Edition, AVC Inc., Charlottetown, Canada, 65-84.Hall R.N., Huang N., Roberts J., Strive T. 2019. Carrion flies as sentinels for monitoring lagovirus activity in Australia. Transboundary Emerg. Dis., 66: 2025-2032. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13250Henning J., Meers J., Davies R., Morris R.S. 2005. Survival of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in the environment. Epidemiol. Infect., 133: 719-730. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268805003766Hurand J. 2016. L'élevage de lapins de chair en France, résultats technico-économiques 2015. Tema, 40.ITAVI. 2019. Situation de la filière cunicole. Novembre 2019. 6 p. Available athttps://www.itavi.asso.fr/content/note-deconjoncture-lapins-7Accessed December 2019.Le Gall-Reculé G., Zwingelstein F., Boucher S., Le Normand B., Plassiart G., Portejoie Y., Decors A., Bertagnoli S., Guérin J.L., Marchandeau S. 2011. Detection of a new variant of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in France. Vet. Rec., 168: 137- 138. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.d697Le Gall-Reculé G., Lavazza A., Marchandeau S., Bertagnoli S., Zwingelstein F., Cavadini P., Martinelli N., Lombardi G., Guérin J.L., Lemaitre E., Decors A., Boucher S., Le Normand B., Capucci L. 2013. Emergence of a new lagovirus related to Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. Vet. Res., 44:81. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-44-81Le Gall-Reculé G., Boucher S. 2017. Connaissances et actualités sur la maladie hémorragique du lapin. In Proc.: 17èmes Journées de la Recherche Cunicole, 21-22 November, 2017. Le Mans, France. 97-109.Le Minor O., Joudou L., Le Moullec T., Beilvert F. 2017. Innocuité et efficacité de la vaccination à 2 et 3 semaines d'âge contre le virus RHDV2 de la maladie hémorragique virale du lapin (VHD). In Proc.:17èmes Journées de la Recherche Cunicole, 21-22 November, 2017. Le Mans, France. 127-130.Le Minor O., Boucher S., Joudou L., Mellet R., Sourice M., Le Moullec T., Nicoler A., Beilvert F., Sigognault-Flochlay A. 2019. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease: experimental study of a recent highly pathogenic GI.2/RJDV2/b strain and evaluation of vaccine efficacy. World Rabbit Sci., 27: 143-156.https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2019.11082Le Pendu J., Abrantes J., Bertagnoli S., Guitton J.S., Le Gall-Reculé G., Lopes A.M., Marchandeau S., Alda F., Almeida T., Célio A. C., Barcena J., Burmakina G., Blanco E., Calvete C., Cavadini P., Cooke B., Dalton K., Mateos M.D., Deptula W., Eden J.S., Wang F., Ferreira C.C., Ferreira P., Foronda P., Gonçalves D., Gavier-Widén D., Hall R., Hukowska-Szematowicz B., Kerr P., Kovaliski J., Lavazza A., Mahar J., Malogolovkin A., Marques R.M., Marques S., Martin-Alonso A., Monterroso P., MorenoS., Mutze G., Naimanis A., Niedzwiedzka-Rystwej P., Peacock D., Parra F., Rocchi M., Rouco C., Ruvoën-Clouet N., Silva E., Silvério D., Strive T., Thompson G., Tokarz-Deptula B., Esteves P. 2017. Proposal for a unified classification system and nomenclature of lagoviruses. J. Gen. Virol., 98: 1658-1666. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000840Matthaei M., Kerr P.J., Read A.J., Hick P., Haboury S., Wright J.D., Strive T. 2014. Comparative quantitative monitoring of rabbit haemorrhagic disease viruses in rabbit kittens. Virol. J., 11: 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-11-109Mc Coll K.A., Merchant J.C., Hardy J., Cooke B.D., Robinson A., Westbury H.A. 2002. Evidence for insect transmission of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. Epidemiol. Infect., 129: 655-663. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268802007756Neimanis A.S., Larsson Pettersson U., Huang N., Gavier-Widen D., Strive T. 2018. Elucidation of the pathology and tissue distribution of Lagovirus europaeus GI.2/RHDV2 (rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2) in young and adult rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet. Res., 49:46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-018-0540-zRosell J.M., de la Fuente L.F., Parra F., Dalton K.P., Badiola Sáiz J.I., Pérez de Rozas A., Badiola Díez J.J., Fernández de Luco D., Casal J., Majó N., Casas J., Garriga R., Fernández Magariños X.M. 2019. Myxomatosis and Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease: A 30-Year Study of the Occurrence on Commercial Farms in Spain. Animals, 9: 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100780Rouco C., Aguayo-Adán J.A., Santoro S., Abrantes J., Delibes-Mateos M. 2019. Worldwide rapid spread of the novel rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (GI.2/RHDV2/b). Transboundary Emerg. Dis., 66: 1762-1764.https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.1318

Clostridium botulinum type C, D, C/D, and D/C: An update

Clostridium botulinum is the main causative agent of botulism, a neurological disease encountered in humans as well as animals. Nine types of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been described so far. Amongst these “toxinotypes,” the A, the B and E are the most frequently encountered in humans while the C, D, C/D and D/C are mostly affecting domestic and wild birds as well as cattle. In France for instance, many cases and outbreaks are reported in these animal species every year. However, underestimation is very likely at least for avifauna species where the detection of dead animals can be challenging. Knowledge about BoNTs C, D, C/D, and D/C and the diseases they cause in animals and humans is still scarce and unclear. Specifically, the potential role of animal botulism outbreaks in cattle and poultry as a source of human illness needs to be further assessed. In this narrative review, we present the current knowledge about toxinotypes C, D, C/D, and D/C in cattle and poultry with, amongst various other aspects, their epidemiological cycles. We also discuss the zoonotic potential of these toxinotypes and some possible ways of risk mitigation. An adapted and effective management of botulism outbreaks in livestock also requires a better understanding of these less common and known toxinotypes

Epidemiological and Bacteriological Investigations Using Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Recurrent Outbreak of Pullorum Disease on a Quail Farm in France

An outbreak of pullorum disease causing septicemia and high mortality was diagnosed in 2019 on a quail farm in western France. An initial episode had been detected in another building at the same site eight months earlier. Given the exceptional nature and the extent of the potential economic consequences of pullorum disease, epidemiological and bacteriological investigations using molecular sequencing tools were carried out. Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Infantis were isolated (using the NF U 47-101 reference method) from samples taken from birds at the infected site. A resurgence of the initial episode by horizontal transmission of S. Gallinarum is the most likely hypothesis, supported by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the strains isolated during the two episodes. Risk health practices have been identified, including the rearing of animals of different ages and species on the same site. Recurrence is explained by the probable persistence of reservoirs of the pathogen on the site (manure, lesser mealworm beetles). The article also highlights the importance of decontamination measures, including pest control, as a key element in the success of the disease control protocol

Etude préparatoire à l'introduction du pétoncle de baie, Argopecten irradians, en France

La conchyliculture française est très largement dominée par l'élevage de l'huître japonaise. Le recours à l'introduction d'espèces nouvelles pourrait permettre aux professionnels de diversifier leur production. Après avoir étudié la manière dont se réalise une introduction d'espèce et les risques qui en découlent, l'auteur décrit les principales caractéristiques de l'espèce retenue : le pétoncle de baie. La dernière partie rassemble les données sur l'espèce, primordiales à l'élaboration d'un dossier d'introduction européen, et précise les sitespotentiels de son élevage sur le littoral françai

Revue systématique de la littérature relative aux facteurs de risque de mortalité des moules exploitées en France

La recherche bibliographique maximalisée réalisée dans le cadre de cette revue systématique de la littérature a permis de décrire le paysage de la connaissance existante sur les facteurs de risque de mortalité des espèces de moules M. edulis et M. galloprovincialis. Ces travaux ont abouti à la formalisation d’une méthodologie rigoureuse, transparente et reproductible pour la réalisation de revue systématique relative aux facteurs de risque de mortalité chez les coquillages marins. Cette revue a décrit la diversité des définitions de la mortalité des moules et ses facteurs de risque. Elle a également permis d’apprécier la quantité et la qualité des preuves recensées. Cette revue systématique a recensé 125 facteurs étudiés pour leur relation avec la mortalité des moules par 151 études issues de 116 documents. Mais, au regard de la grande hétérogénéité des études, peu de facteurs de risque ont été finalement identifiés. Chez les deux espèces de moules exploitées en France, une variation géographique du risque de mortalité a été mise en évidence de façon globale, sans que des caractéristiques particulières du site expliquant ces variations aient été identifiées. Seule la présence de prédateurs présente une responsabilité évidente en termes de mortalités mytilicoles. De même, une variation saisonnière du risque de mortalité a été mise en évidence, sans que des conditions climatiques particulières aient été identifiées à l’exception de vagues de chaleur. L’augmentation de la température de l’eau de mer (supérieure à 24°C pour M. galloprovincialis et supérieure à 20°C pour M. edulis) était le seul facteur d’exposition commun aux deux espèces de moules et identifié de façon consensuelle comme associé à un risque de mortalité des moules accru.  Chez M. galloprovincialis, les facteurs d’exposition suivants ont été identifiés de façon consensuelle comme associés à une augmentation du risque de mortalité : - l’accumulation de sable ou de sédiment sur un gisement ; - la présence de fer dans l’eau de mer ; - la présence de plomb dans l’eau de mer ; - la présence de bactéries du genre Vibrio, de l’espèce aestuarianus ou du groupe Splendidus, associée à une température de l’eau de mer élevée et en conditions d’hypoxie. Chez M. edulis, les moules issues de parents ayant naturellement survécu à un épisode de mortalité, i.e. ayant un génotype intraspécifique « sélectionné », présentaient un risque de mortalité diminué. Les facteurs suivants ont été identifiés de façon consensuelle comme associés à une augmentation du risque de mortalité : - la présence, dans la population, d’une fréquence élevée de moules présentant plus de 10 % d’anomalies cytogénétiques dans leurs cellules hémocytaires (i.e. nombre anormal de chromosomes dans les hémocytes) ; - l’augmentation de la durée d’enfouissement des animaux sur un gisement ; - une augmentation de particules sédimentaires fines et la présence de vase ; - la présence d’un agent infectieux transmissible, non identifié. Si cette revue systématique a identifié plusieurs facteurs de risque de mortalité chez les moules exploitées en France, elle n’a pas permis de hiérarchiser ces facteurs de risque, ni leurs combinaisons. Par conséquent, ce bilan des connaissances existantes n’a pas permis de répondre à la question des commanditaires relative à l’identification et à la hiérarchisation des facteurs de risque de mortalité des moules exploitées en France.  Toutefois, cette synthèse pourra orienter utilement la construction d’éventuelles futures études à mener sur le terrain pour compléter la connaissance des facteurs de risque de mortalité de moules. En particulier, elle a souligné la nécessité de prise en compte et d’exploration de l’action conjointe des nombreux facteurs d’exposition intervenant de manière simultanée dans le milieu naturel. Le CST a formulé des recommandations et des propositions pour les recherches à venir, visant à identifier des facteurs de risque de mortalité de moules

Déterminants personnels, contextuels et transactionnels du stress et de l'engagement au travail en filière cunicole.

International audienc

Designing an innovative warning system to support risk-based meat inspection in poultry slaughterhouses

Historically and legally, meat inspection at slaughterhouses aims to ensure public health. Considering the sanitary, technical and regulatory developments, and given the growing societal concerns regarding animal welfare meat inspection has to be rethought based on a risk analysis to reach this objective. In this paper, we propose an innovative risk-based approach for poultry meat inspection based on a two level warning system. In order to meet the objectives of health inspections of animals and animal products, four inspection tasks in slaughterhouses were identified: (1) analysis of Food Chain Information, (2) ante mortem examination, (3) post mortem examination and (4) feedback information. For each health inspection task, a set of food safety, animal health and welfare criteria and warning values were determined on the basis of the opinion of a multidisciplinary expert group and regulations. In this system, observers (OBSs) are responsible for implementing the first level of control by checking all the criteria previously determined. In the event of a warning value for a criterion during the examination, OBSs must alert the experts (EXPs), triggering a request for an expert opinion. After receiving an alert, veterinary health and meat safety EXPs intervene at the second level by taking over the batch and implementing appropriate measures depending on the type of warning criterion involved. The respective skills and missions of OBSs and EXPs have been defined to each verification level by dividing up tasks, duration and actions. To ensure the implementation and traceability of the two-level control system, the values observed for each criterion and actions undertaken by OBSs and EXPs have to be recorded for all batches, either paper based and/or computer-based. To ensure harmonised procedures, the OBSs must undergo national training sessions on ante and post mortem examinations. In addition, to maintain and improve the quality of this first level of the verification process, EXPs may carry out random checks to verify that OBSs are correctly verifying all stages of the slaughter process and correctly detect warning criteria. In case of abnormality, EXPs may send a non-conformity sheet and request corrective measures. This study presents the first warning system applied to meat inspection in poultry slaughterhouses. Our comprehensive work was carried out with the support of a multidisciplinary group of experts, making it possible to formalise an efficient warning system. The next step has been to test this warning system in field conditions, on a sample of French slaughterhouses

Warning system approach for veterinary meat inspection in poultry slaughterhouses

Warning system approach for veterinary meat inspection in poultry slaughterhouses. XVII. European symposium on the quality of eggs and egg products. XXIII. European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Mea