1,877 research outputs found
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Summary and synthesis of Changing Cold Regions Network (CCRN) research in the interior of western Canada - Part 2: Future change in cryosphere, vegetation, and hydrology
Global reanalyses from data assimilation systems are among the most widely used datasets in weather and climate studies, and potential vorticity (PV) from reanalyses is invaluable for many studies of dynamical and transport processes. We assess how consistently modern reanalyses represent potential vorticity (PV) among each other, focusing not only on PV but also on process-oriented dynamical diagnostics including equivalent latitude calculated from PV and PV-based tropopause and stratospheric polar vortex characterization.
In particular we assess the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis/Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSR/CFSv2) reanalysis, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim (ERA-Interim) reanalysis, the Japanese Meteorological Agency's 55-year (JRA-55) reanalysis, and the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). Overall, PV from all reanalyses agrees well with the reanalysis ensemble mean, providing some confidence that all of these recent reanalyses are suitable for most studies using PV-based diagnostics. Specific diagnostics where some larger differences are seen include PV-based tropopause locations in regions that have strong tropopause gradients (such as around the subtropical jets) or are sparse in high-resolution data (such as over Antarctica), and the stratospheric polar vortices during fall vortex formation and (especially) spring vortex breakup; studies of sensitive situations or regions such as these should examine PV from multiple reanalyses.
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Lyopreserved amniotic membrane is cellularly and clinically similar to cryopreserved construct for treating foot ulcers
We compared cellular viability between cryopreserved and lyopreserved amniotic membranes and clinical outcomes of the lyopreserved construct in a prospective cohort study of 40 patients with neuropathic foot ulcers. Patients received weekly application of lyopreserved membrane for 12 weeks with standard weekly debridement and offloading. We evaluated the proportion of foot ulcers that closed, time to closure, closure trajectories, and infection during therapy. We used chi-square tests for dichotomous variables and independent t-tests for continuous variables with an alpha of α =.10. Cellular viability was equivalent between cryo- and lyopreserved amniotic tissues. Clinically, 48% of subjects' wounds closed in an average of 40.0 days. Those that did not close were older (63 vs 59 years, P =.011) and larger ulcers at baseline (7.8 vs 1.6 cm2, P =.012). Significantly more patients who achieved closure reached a 50% wound area reduction in 4 weeks compared with non-closed wounds (73.7% vs 47.6%, P =.093). There was no difference in the slope of the wound closure trajectories between closed and non-closed wounds (0.124 and 0.159, P =.85), indicating the rate of closure was similar. The rate of closure was 0.60 mm/day (SD = 0.47) for wounds that closed and 0.50 mm/day (SD = 0.58) for wounds that did not close (P =.89)
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Seasonal forecasts of the exceptional Northern Hemisphere Winter of 2020
The winter of 2019-20 was dominated by an extremely strong stratospheric polar vor20 tex and positive tropospheric Arctic Oscillation (AO). Here, we analyze forecasts from
6 different prediction systems contributing to the C3S seasonal forecast database. Most
performed very strongly, with consistently high skill for JanuaryâMarch 2020 from fore23 casts launched through OctoberâDecember 2019. Although the magnitude of the anoma24 lies was underestimated, the performance of most prediction systems was extremely high
for a positive AO winter relative to the common hindcast climate. Ensemble members
which better predicted the extremely strong stratospheric vortex better predicted the
extreme tropospheric state. We find a significant relationship between forecasts of the
anomalous mid-latitude tropospheric wave pattern in early winter, which destructively
interfered with the climatological stationary waves, and the strength of the stratospheric
vortex later in the winter. Our results demonstrate a strong interdependence between
the accuracy of stratospheric vortex and AO forecasts
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Differences between the 2018 and 2019 stratospheric polar vortex split events
Two recent occurrences in February 2018 and January 2019 of a dynamic split in the Northern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex are compared in terms of their evolution and predictability. The 2018 split vortex was associated with primarily wavenumberâ2 wave forcing that was not well predicted more than 7â10âdays ahead of time, and was followed by persistent coupling to the surface with strong weather impacts. In 2019 the vortex was first displaced by slow wavenumberâ1 amplification into the stratosphere, which was predictable at longer lead times, and then split; the surface impacts following the event were weaker. Here we examine the role of largeâscale climate influences, such as the phase of the El NiñoâSouthern Oscillation, the Quasiâbiennial Oscillation and MaddenâJulian Oscillation, on the wave forcing, surface impacts, and predictability of these two events. Linkages between the forecast error in the stratospheric polar vortex winds with the forecast error in the Quasiâbiennial Oscillation and MaddenâJulian Oscillation are examined
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The remarkably strong Arctic stratospheric polar vortex of Winter 2020: links to record-breaking arctic oscillation and ozone loss
The Northern Hemisphere (NH) polar winter stratosphere of 2019/2020 featured an exceptionally strong and cold stratospheric polar vortex. Wave activity from the troposphere during DecemberâFebruary was unusually low, which allowed the polar vortex to remain relatively undisturbed. Several transient wave pulses nonetheless served to help create a reflective configuration of the stratospheric circulation by disturbing the vortex in the upper stratosphere. Subsequently, multiple downward wave coupling events took place, which aided in dynamically cooling and strengthening the polar vortex. The persistent strength of the stratospheric polar vortex was accompanied by an unprecedentedly positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation in the troposphere during JanuaryâMarch, which was consistent with large portions of observed surface temperature and precipitation anomalies during the season. Similarly, conditions within the strong polar vortex were ripe for allowing substantial ozone loss: The undisturbed vortex was a strong transport barrier, and temperatures were low enough to form polar stratospheric clouds for over 4âmonths into late March. Total column ozone amounts in the NH polar cap decreased and were the lowest ever observed in the FebruaryâApril period. The unique confluence of conditions and multiple broken records makes the 2019/2020 winter and early spring a particularly extreme example of twoâway coupling between the troposphere and stratosphere
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The 2019 Southern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex weakening and its impacts
This study offers an overview of the low-frequency (i.e., monthly to seasonal) evolution, dynamics, predictability, and surface impacts of a rare Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratospheric warming that occurred in austral spring 2019. Between late August to mid-September 2019, the stratospheric circumpolar westerly jet weakened rapidly, and Antarctic stratospheric temperatures rose dramatically. The deceleration of the vortex at 10 hPa was as drastic as that of the first ever observed major sudden stratospheric warming in the SH during 2002, while the mean Antarctic warming over the course of spring 2019 broke the previous record of 2002 by ~50% in the mid-stratosphere. This event was preceded by a poleward shift of the SH polar night jet in the uppermost stratosphere in early winter, which was then followed by record-strong planetary wave-one activity propagating upward from the troposphere in August that acted to dramatically weaken the polar vortex throughout the depth of the stratosphere. The weakened vortex winds and elevated temperatures moved downward to the surface from mid-October to December, promoting a record strong swing of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) to its negative phase. This record-negative SAM appeared to be a primary driver of the extreme hot and dry conditions over subtropical eastern Australia that accompanied the severe wildfires that occurred in late spring 2019. State-of-the-art dynamical seasonal forecast systems skilfully predicted the significant vortex weakening of spring 2019 and subsequent development of negative SAM from as early as late July
B 12 -Mediated, Long Wavelength Photopolymerization of Hydrogels
Medical hydrogel applications have expanded rapidly over the past decade. Implantation in patients by non-invasive injection is preferred, but this requires hydrogel solidification from a low viscosity solution to occur in vivo via an applied stimuli. Transdermal photo-crosslinking of acrylated biopolymers with photoinitiators and lights offers a mild, spatiotemporally controlled solidification trigger. However, the current short wavelength initiators limit curing depth and efficacy because they do not absorb within the optical window of tissue (600 - 900 nm). As a solution to the current wavelength limitations, we report the development of a red light responsive initiator capable of polymerizing a range of acrylated monomers. Photo-activation occurs within a range of skin type models containing high biochromophore concentrations
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