chemical constituents anti nociceptive and anti inflammatory activities of essential oil of phyllanthus muellerianus

The aim of the present study was to characterize the chemical composition and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of the essential oil from the leaves of Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell. The essential oil was hydrodistilled and characterized by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analyses. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema while the anti-nociceptive test was based on hot plate analysis. The hydrodistillation afforded 0.09% (dry weight basis) of pale yellow oil. Thirty-eight compounds representing 94.8% were identified in the oil. The major components of the oil were hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (11.6%), isocaryophyllene (9.8%), and limonene (9.4%). The oils of P. muellerianus displayed anti-nociceptive effect at a rate independent of reaction time and dose (P < 0.001). The rate of inhibition increased exponentially as the dose increases with optimum activity at..

Description and Composition of Tree Species in a Tertiary Institution Agricultural Faculty Arboretum, Ibadan, South-West Nigeria

The Arboretum of the Agricultural Faculty of a tertiary institution in Ibadan is known for its rich diversity of trees. Therefore, the study investigates the tree growth variables in the arboretum such as diameter at breast height (dbh), diameter at the base, middle and top of the bole, total height, merchantable height and crown diameter. The basal area and volume were then calculated per species and per family. Several models were fitted for the height – diameter relationship and crown diameter – diameter relationship and crown diameter – dbh relationship. Positive linear relationships were observed among the growth variables. The fitted models showed that cubic models exhibit a more reliable function than quadratic and linear models for crown diameter – dbh predictions as it has R2 above 0.75. Endangered species were observed too and this was indicated through the diversity index obtained. The highest basal area encounter belongs to myrtaceae family (9.61m2) while the lowest belongs to pinaceae family (0.24m2). The total basal area obtained at (31.72m2) from the faculty trees indicates that they are exhibiting better growth and yield

Chemical constituents, antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activities of essential oils from Cordia millenii, Bougainvillea glabra and Phyllanthus muellerianus

Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of air-dry leaves of Cordia millenii Bak. (Boraginaceae), Bougainvillea glabra Choisy (Nyctaginaceae) and Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell. (Euphorbiaceae) using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical constituents of the oils were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on an HP-5MS column. The major constituents of C. millenii were limonene (19.9%), diallyl disulfide (18.4%), β-caryophyllene (16.6%) and linalool (13.4%) while (E)-nerolidol (31.4%), (E)-β-ionone (10.3%) and linalool (10.1%) were present in B. glabra. Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (11.6%), isocaryophyllene (9.8%) and limonene (9.4%) occurred in higher proportions in P. muellerianus. The antinociceptive properties of C. millenii oil were statistically not significantly different (p>0.05) when compared to the control for most tested concentrations except at the 120th minute (p0.05) when compared to the control. The antinociceptive properties of the essential oil of B. glabra were statistically significantly different, p<0.05 and p<0.01 at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg p.o., respectively, when compared to the control at the 30th minute but much more effective (p <0.001) at a dose of 400 mg/kg. For the 1st and 2nd hour, at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg (p <0.001), the antiinflammatory activity was statistically significantly (very low values of p) different from the control, while at the 3rd hour, it was significant (p <0.01) at a dose of 300 mg/kg but there were no statistical differences observable at the 4th hour. The essential of P. muellerianus at 100 mg/kg p.o. displayed an increased antinociceptive activity with p<0.01 to p <0.001 from the 30th to the 120th minute. Moreover, the oil showed a high inhibition, with up to p <0.001, in the case of carrageenan-induced inflammation

Effects of Simulated Preparations of Plants used in Nigerian Traditional Medicine on Candida spp. Associated with Vaginal Candidiasis

researchSome Nigerian medicinal plants are popular among traditional producers of phytotherapies in the treatment of sexually related infections. For this study we used modified agar disk, agar spot and agar well-diffusion methods, preparations of simulated crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of 11 traditionally used medicinal plants for in vitro antimicrobial activities against seventy five strains of Candida species associated with Candida vaginitis and 37 vaginal Lactobacillus species. Candida pseudotropicalis (Castell.) Basgal were minimally inhibited by the plant extracts, while the rate of inhibition of other Candida strains by the ethanolic extracts of the plants were, Ageratum conyzoides L. (44.4 - 66.7%), Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev. (57.1 - 66.7%), Senna alata (L.) Roxb. (44.4 - 75.0%) Ficus exasperata Vahl. (44.4 - 62.5%), Gliricidia sepium Kunth ex Steud. (64.3%-75.0%) Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob.(57.1%-62.5%) and Rauwolfia vomitoria Afzel. (62.5%). Apart from Aspilia africana (Pers.) C.D. Adams (24.3%) and Ageratum conyzoides L. (35.1%), very low in vitro inhibitory activities of between 5.4% and 16.2% were produced by the medicinal plants against the vaginal Lactobacillus species indicating their ethnophytotherapeutic safety

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Cyperus rotundus L. from South Africa

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Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils of Callistemon citrinus and Callistemon viminalis from South Africa

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Phytochemisty and Spermatogenic Potentials of Aqueous Extract of Cissus populnea (Guill. and Per) Stem Bark

In vivo clinical trials involving the administration of crude extracts of Cissus populnea to male subjects (normospermic, oligospermic, and azoopermic) in a 72-day study revealed that continuous exposure of the subjects to the extracts over this period did not significantly (p ≤ 0.05) alter sperm count, morphology, motility, or volume. Antimicrobial screening of the extract against some selected microbial isolates secondarily implicated in male infertility revealed total inactivity against the microbial isolates screened, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella paratyphi, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Klebsiella sp. Phytochemistry revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. The presence of these secondary metabolites was confirmed by thin layer chromatography. We conclude that oral administration of aqueous extracts of the stem bark of Cisssus populnea over a 72-day period to human subjects apparently had no fertility enhancement effects on sperm parameters monitored in this study

<em>Melaleuca bracteata</em> var. Revolution Gold (Myrtaceae) Essential Oil: Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Membrane Damage, Antiplatelet Aggregation and Antiacetylcholinesterase Activities

Melaleuca bracteata var. Revolution Gold (a cultivar of Melaleuca bracteata) is an ornamental plant, which has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases. Till moment, information is scanty on the biological activities of the essential oil from the plant. The water-distilled essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antibacterial activity of the oil was evaluated by paper disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods. Cell membrane damage was assay using cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase released method. Platelet aggregation inhibitory activity was separately evaluated on Adenosine diphosphate, collagen, epinephrine and thrombin induced aggregation. Thirteen components representing 95.3% of the total oil were identified from the essential oil. Phenylpropanoids (82.9%) constitute the predominant class of compounds in the oil. On the whole, the oil displayed strong antibacterial action towards Staphylococcus aureus, moderate activity on Bacillus cereus and some strains of Escherichia coli. The lactate dehydrogenase released (0.78–47%) depicted the oil to exhibit low levels of membrane damage. The percentage platelet aggregation inhibition for the four platelet agonists was concentration dependent with thrombin > collagen > ADP > epi-nephrine. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (9.16%) indicated that the essential oil was not effective against the enzyme