421 research outputs found
Femmes : espaces acquis, espace permis à l’heure de la réforme agraire au Brésil
L'annonce du Premier Plan national de réforme agraire en mai 1985 suscite la mobilisation des masses populaires à la campagne. Petits producteurs, paysans sans terre et ouvriers agricoles revendiquent l'accès à la terre. Les auteures analysent la participation des femmes à ce mouvement, aussi bien sur le plan institutionnel que non institutionnel. À partir d'une enquête menée auprès d'une « invasion » dans l'état de Rio de Janeiro, elles s'interrogent sur le rôle des femmes dans l'organisation des campements et la consolidation de la propriété proprement dite. Les auteures examinent également l'émergence d'un mouvement autonome fort, parmi les femmes du sud du pays, axé sur la reconnaissance du statut d'agricultrice.The announcement of the First National Plan for Agrarian Reform in May 1985 led to the mobilization of Brazil's rural dwellers. Small producers, landless peasants and agricultural workers all claimed their rights of access to the land. This article addresses women's participation in this movement, both at the institutional level and in non institutionalized groupings. Using the results of field work carried out after a popular « invasion » in the state of Rio de Janeiro, the authors explore the roles of women in the organization of the encampments and in the consolidation of formal ownership of land. The emergence of a strong autonomous movement among rural women from southern Brazil, calling for the recognition of women as agriculturalists in their own right, is also examined
Segmentation of surgical tools from laparoscopy images
Relatório de projeto de mestrado em Engenharia BiomédicaCirurgias roboticamente assistidas têm vindo a substituir as cirurgias abertas com
enorme impacto no tempo de convalescença do paciente e consequentemente em tudo
o que isso implica, economia de recursos no sector da saúde e a retoma antecipada das
atividades laborais do paciente. Este tipo de cirurgia auxiliada por um sistema robótico
é guiado por uma câmara laparoscópica, facultando ao médico uma visão das partes
anatómicas do paciente. A fim do cirurgião se encontrar apto para operar este
equipamento tem de passar por inúmeras horas de formação, tornando o processo
desgastante e dispendioso. Para além do referido, a manipulação dos instrumentos
cirúrgicos em concordância com a câmara laparoscópica não é de todo um processo
intuitivo, ou seja, os erros de natureza subjetiva não são erradicados. A diretiva desta
tese é o desenvolvimento de um sistema automático capaz de segmentar instrumentos
cirúrgicos, possibilitando desta forma a monitorização constante da posição dos
instrumentos. Para tal foram explorados diferentes modelos de aprendizagem
automática. Numa segunda fase, foram considerados métodos que pudessem ser
incorporados no modelo base. Tendo-se encontrado uma resposta, partiu-se para a
comparação dos modelos previamente selecionados, com o modelo base e ainda com o
otimizado. Numa terceira abordagem, de forma a melhorar as métricas que serviram de
comparação, procurou-se por soluções alternativas, nomeadamente a geração de dados
artificiais. Neste ponto, deparou-se com duas possibilidades, uma baseada em sistemas
de aprendizagem autónoma por competição e outra em sistemas de aprendizagem de
síntese de imagens a partir de ruido com densidade espectral sucessivamente
incrementada. Ambas as abordagens permitiram o aumento da base de dados tendo-se
aferido a sua eficácia por comparação do efeito do aumento de dados nos sistemas de
segmentação. O sistema proposto pode vir a ser implementado em cirurgias
roboticamente assistidas, necessitando apenas de mínimas alterações.Robotic-assisted surgeries have been replacing open surgeries with a significant
impact on patient recovery time, and consequently, on various aspects such as
healthcare resource savings and the early resumption of the patient's work activities.
This type of surgery, assisted by a robotic system, is guided by a laparoscopic camera,
providing the surgeon with a view of the patient's anatomical structures. To operate this
equipment, surgeons must undergo numerous hours of training, making the process
exhaustive and costly. In addition, manipulating surgical instruments in coordination
with the laparoscopic camera is not an intuitive process, meaning errors of a subjective
nature are not eliminated. The objective of this thesis is the development of an
automated system capable of segmenting surgical instruments, thereby enabling
constant monitoring of their positions. Various machine learning models were explored
to address this issue. In a second phase, methods that could be incorporated into the
base model were considered. Once a solution was found, a comparison was made
between the previously selected models, the base model, and the optimized model. In
a third approach, with the aim of improving the comparison metrics, alternative
solutions were sought, including the generation of synthetic data. At this point, two
possibilities were encountered, one based on autonomous learning systems through
competition and the other on image synthesis learning systems from progressively
increasing noise spectral density. Both approaches expanded the available database,
and their effectiveness was evaluated by comparing the impact of data augmentation
on segmentation systems. The proposed system can potentially be implemented in
robotic-assisted surgeries with minimal modifications
Component-wise Analysis of Automatically Designed Multiobjective Algorithms on Constrained Problems
The performance of multiobjective algorithms varies across problems, making
it hard to develop new algorithms or apply existing ones to new problems. To
simplify the development and application of new multiobjective algorithms,
there has been an increasing interest in their automatic design from component
parts. These automatically designed metaheuristics can outperform their
human-developed counterparts. However, it is still uncertain what are the most
influential components leading to their performance improvement. This study
introduces a new methodology to investigate the effects of the final
configuration of an automatically designed algorithm. We apply this methodology
to a well-performing Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm Based on
Decomposition (MOEA/D) designed by the irace package on nine constrained
problems. We then contrast the impact of the algorithm components in terms of
their Search Trajectory Networks (STNs), the diversity of the population, and
the hypervolume. Our results indicate that the most influential components were
the restart and update strategies, with higher increments in performance and
more distinct metric values. Also, their relative influence depends on the
problem difficulty: not using the restart strategy was more influential in
problems where MOEA/D performs better; while the update strategy was more
influential in problems where MOEA/D performs the worst
POLÍTICAS SOCIAIS E O DEBATE EMERGENTE SOBRE A INTERSETORIALIDADE
Resumo Este trabalho sistematiza o debate emergente sobre Política Social e Intersetorialidade, destacando as áreas de saúde, educação, assistência social e administração pública como campos de saber e prática que mais produziram conhecimento sobre a temática. Esta produção apresenta características específicas posto que ancorada na cultura organizacional e política de cada arena setorial estudada. Os resultados desta sistematização dimensionam os desafios de articulação entre diversos setores das políticas sociais em razão, sobretudo, da produção compartimentalizada do saber. Ademais, salienta os dilemas de implementação da intersetorialidade como estratégia de gestão que passam, dentre outras questões, pela dificuldade de operacionalizar planejamentos conjuntos, pela competitividade política predatória e também pela postura endógena das áreas de política social que marca, sobremaneira, a disputa política pela alocação de recursos públicos no país
Anti-poverty schemes instead of social protection
This paper examines the extent to which poverty reduction schemes and
targeting replaced the incomplete framework of social protection and
universality in Latin America over the last decade, through the provision of
monetary cash transfers rather than decommodified goods and services. Is this
a turning point towards a new pattern of social policy in the region,
characterized by basic standards, controls and selectivity for those who
cannot afford market provision? What are the outcomes of such a turnaround
with regard to poverty and inequality? Are there setbacks in the reduction of
inequality, notably in terms of failing to overcome patterns of segregation
and the social stigma of poverty? Will these new trends reinforce the case for
reforming social protection pillars for the non-poor? Will the discourse of
privatization gain a new momentum and reverse the counter-reforms in favor of
integrated public systems? The first section of this paper provides the
conceptual background to understand why social protection systems and poverty
reduction strategies differ, highlighting the role of the various components
of social protection and their arguments in economic terms and for purposes of
equity and social justice. Likewise, two distinct paradigms will be
confronted: on the one hand, the social risk management strategy (Holzmann and
Jørgensen 2000), and, on the other, universal social protection systems as
they were gradually fashioned during the golden years of the 20th century in
Western countries. The second section scrutinizes the profile of the public
provision of welfare in some Latin American countries, through an overview of
social spending, presenting the main features of conditional cash transfer
programs in Latin America and other contributory schemes that have been
reshaped as of late. The last section draws lessons from the experiment of the
Bolsa Família Program in Brazil to discuss the effectiveness and the limits of
conditional cash transfers on poverty reduction and inequality. Finally, the
concluding section calls attention to the risks of developing social
protection schemes mainly on the grounds of the provision of cash benefits – a
pro-market strategy – if the goal is to tackle poverty and inequality in the
long run, promoting social cohesion such an uneven region
How Social Developmentalism Reframed Social Policy in Brazil
How Social Developmentalism Reframed Social Policy in Brazil Lena Lavinas
Abstract This paper proposes to critically situate the social-developmentalist
current of the last decade within the broader moment of finance-dominated
accumulation regime, wherein, crucially, credit and access to financial
markets have become the core motifs for the new mass-consumption market
society. This structural move is, from our point of view, radically distinct
from the very framework which inspired the tenets of early structuralist
thought and which prevailed during the Keynesian post-war period. Today,
highly segmented credit loans, private insurance, and other new financial
products such as payment protection insurance have synthesized into
indispensable elements for growth. In this new financialized framework, social
policy has been used to underwrite a financial inclusion model that sowed the
seeds of its own demise—while it enabled Brazil’s transition into a society of
mass consumption, it also deepened the indebtedness of households, partially
transforming social insurance and welfare benefits into financial rents
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