Femmes : espaces acquis, espace permis à l’heure de la réforme agraire au Brésil

L'annonce du Premier Plan national de réforme agraire en mai 1985 suscite la mobilisation des masses populaires à la campagne. Petits producteurs, paysans sans terre et ouvriers agricoles revendiquent l'accès à la terre. Les auteures analysent la participation des femmes à ce mouvement, aussi bien sur le plan institutionnel que non institutionnel. À partir d'une enquête menée auprès d'une « invasion » dans l'état de Rio de Janeiro, elles s'interrogent sur le rôle des femmes dans l'organisation des campements et la consolidation de la propriété proprement dite. Les auteures examinent également l'émergence d'un mouvement autonome fort, parmi les femmes du sud du pays, axé sur la reconnaissance du statut d'agricultrice.The announcement of the First National Plan for Agrarian Reform in May 1985 led to the mobilization of Brazil's rural dwellers. Small producers, landless peasants and agricultural workers all claimed their rights of access to the land. This article addresses women's participation in this movement, both at the institutional level and in non institutionalized groupings. Using the results of field work carried out after a popular « invasion » in the state of Rio de Janeiro, the authors explore the roles of women in the organization of the encampments and in the consolidation of formal ownership of land. The emergence of a strong autonomous movement among rural women from southern Brazil, calling for the recognition of women as agriculturalists in their own right, is also examined

Segmentation of surgical tools from laparoscopy images

Relatório de projeto de mestrado em Engenharia BiomédicaCirurgias roboticamente assistidas têm vindo a substituir as cirurgias abertas com enorme impacto no tempo de convalescença do paciente e consequentemente em tudo o que isso implica, economia de recursos no sector da saúde e a retoma antecipada das atividades laborais do paciente. Este tipo de cirurgia auxiliada por um sistema robótico é guiado por uma câmara laparoscópica, facultando ao médico uma visão das partes anatómicas do paciente. A fim do cirurgião se encontrar apto para operar este equipamento tem de passar por inúmeras horas de formação, tornando o processo desgastante e dispendioso. Para além do referido, a manipulação dos instrumentos cirúrgicos em concordância com a câmara laparoscópica não é de todo um processo intuitivo, ou seja, os erros de natureza subjetiva não são erradicados. A diretiva desta tese é o desenvolvimento de um sistema automático capaz de segmentar instrumentos cirúrgicos, possibilitando desta forma a monitorização constante da posição dos instrumentos. Para tal foram explorados diferentes modelos de aprendizagem automática. Numa segunda fase, foram considerados métodos que pudessem ser incorporados no modelo base. Tendo-se encontrado uma resposta, partiu-se para a comparação dos modelos previamente selecionados, com o modelo base e ainda com o otimizado. Numa terceira abordagem, de forma a melhorar as métricas que serviram de comparação, procurou-se por soluções alternativas, nomeadamente a geração de dados artificiais. Neste ponto, deparou-se com duas possibilidades, uma baseada em sistemas de aprendizagem autónoma por competição e outra em sistemas de aprendizagem de síntese de imagens a partir de ruido com densidade espectral sucessivamente incrementada. Ambas as abordagens permitiram o aumento da base de dados tendo-se aferido a sua eficácia por comparação do efeito do aumento de dados nos sistemas de segmentação. O sistema proposto pode vir a ser implementado em cirurgias roboticamente assistidas, necessitando apenas de mínimas alterações.Robotic-assisted surgeries have been replacing open surgeries with a significant impact on patient recovery time, and consequently, on various aspects such as healthcare resource savings and the early resumption of the patient's work activities. This type of surgery, assisted by a robotic system, is guided by a laparoscopic camera, providing the surgeon with a view of the patient's anatomical structures. To operate this equipment, surgeons must undergo numerous hours of training, making the process exhaustive and costly. In addition, manipulating surgical instruments in coordination with the laparoscopic camera is not an intuitive process, meaning errors of a subjective nature are not eliminated. The objective of this thesis is the development of an automated system capable of segmenting surgical instruments, thereby enabling constant monitoring of their positions. Various machine learning models were explored to address this issue. In a second phase, methods that could be incorporated into the base model were considered. Once a solution was found, a comparison was made between the previously selected models, the base model, and the optimized model. In a third approach, with the aim of improving the comparison metrics, alternative solutions were sought, including the generation of synthetic data. At this point, two possibilities were encountered, one based on autonomous learning systems through competition and the other on image synthesis learning systems from progressively increasing noise spectral density. Both approaches expanded the available database, and their effectiveness was evaluated by comparing the impact of data augmentation on segmentation systems. The proposed system can potentially be implemented in robotic-assisted surgeries with minimal modifications

Component-wise Analysis of Automatically Designed Multiobjective Algorithms on Constrained Problems

The performance of multiobjective algorithms varies across problems, making it hard to develop new algorithms or apply existing ones to new problems. To simplify the development and application of new multiobjective algorithms, there has been an increasing interest in their automatic design from component parts. These automatically designed metaheuristics can outperform their human-developed counterparts. However, it is still uncertain what are the most influential components leading to their performance improvement. This study introduces a new methodology to investigate the effects of the final configuration of an automatically designed algorithm. We apply this methodology to a well-performing Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Decomposition (MOEA/D) designed by the irace package on nine constrained problems. We then contrast the impact of the algorithm components in terms of their Search Trajectory Networks (STNs), the diversity of the population, and the hypervolume. Our results indicate that the most influential components were the restart and update strategies, with higher increments in performance and more distinct metric values. Also, their relative influence depends on the problem difficulty: not using the restart strategy was more influential in problems where MOEA/D performs better; while the update strategy was more influential in problems where MOEA/D performs the worst

POLÍTICAS SOCIAIS E O DEBATE EMERGENTE SOBRE A INTERSETORIALIDADE

Resumo Este trabalho sistematiza o debate emergente sobre Política Social e Intersetorialidade, destacando as áreas de saúde, educação, assistência social e administração pública como campos de saber e prática que mais produziram conhecimento sobre a temática. Esta produção apresenta características específicas posto que ancorada na cultura organizacional e política de cada arena setorial estudada. Os resultados desta sistematização dimensionam os desafios de articulação entre diversos setores das políticas sociais em razão, sobretudo, da produção compartimentalizada do saber. Ademais, salienta os dilemas de implementação da intersetorialidade como estratégia de gestão que passam, dentre outras questões, pela dificuldade de operacionalizar planejamentos conjuntos, pela competitividade política predatória e também pela postura endógena das áreas de política social que marca, sobremaneira, a disputa política pela alocação de recursos públicos no país

Anti-poverty schemes instead of social protection

This paper examines the extent to which poverty reduction schemes and targeting replaced the incomplete framework of social protection and universality in Latin America over the last decade, through the provision of monetary cash transfers rather than decommodified goods and services. Is this a turning point towards a new pattern of social policy in the region, characterized by basic standards, controls and selectivity for those who cannot afford market provision? What are the outcomes of such a turnaround with regard to poverty and inequality? Are there setbacks in the reduction of inequality, notably in terms of failing to overcome patterns of segregation and the social stigma of poverty? Will these new trends reinforce the case for reforming social protection pillars for the non-poor? Will the discourse of privatization gain a new momentum and reverse the counter-reforms in favor of integrated public systems? The first section of this paper provides the conceptual background to understand why social protection systems and poverty reduction strategies differ, highlighting the role of the various components of social protection and their arguments in economic terms and for purposes of equity and social justice. Likewise, two distinct paradigms will be confronted: on the one hand, the social risk management strategy (Holzmann and Jørgensen 2000), and, on the other, universal social protection systems as they were gradually fashioned during the golden years of the 20th century in Western countries. The second section scrutinizes the profile of the public provision of welfare in some Latin American countries, through an overview of social spending, presenting the main features of conditional cash transfer programs in Latin America and other contributory schemes that have been reshaped as of late. The last section draws lessons from the experiment of the Bolsa Família Program in Brazil to discuss the effectiveness and the limits of conditional cash transfers on poverty reduction and inequality. Finally, the concluding section calls attention to the risks of developing social protection schemes mainly on the grounds of the provision of cash benefits – a pro-market strategy – if the goal is to tackle poverty and inequality in the long run, promoting social cohesion such an uneven region

How Social Developmentalism Reframed Social Policy in Brazil

How Social Developmentalism Reframed Social Policy in Brazil Lena Lavinas Abstract This paper proposes to critically situate the social-developmentalist current of the last decade within the broader moment of finance-dominated accumulation regime, wherein, crucially, credit and access to financial markets have become the core motifs for the new mass-consumption market society. This structural move is, from our point of view, radically distinct from the very framework which inspired the tenets of early structuralist thought and which prevailed during the Keynesian post-war period. Today, highly segmented credit loans, private insurance, and other new financial products such as payment protection insurance have synthesized into indispensable elements for growth. In this new financialized framework, social policy has been used to underwrite a financial inclusion model that sowed the seeds of its own demise—while it enabled Brazil’s transition into a society of mass consumption, it also deepened the indebtedness of households, partially transforming social insurance and welfare benefits into financial rents

Integração econômica e reestruturação espacial

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