Ensinar filosofia através de um texto clássico : estratégias para utilizar Ética a Nicômaco V na sala de aula

Orientadora: Profª Mª Aline da Silva DiasMonografia (especialização) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Curso de Especialização em Ensino de Filosofia no Ensino MédioInclui referênciasResumo : A garantia de acesso à filosofia nas aulas ministradas no ensino médio é preocupação fundamental de todo professor de filosofia. Afinal, o risco de errar é grande. Pode-se recair, por um lado, em um conteudismo, no qual a preocupação nas aulas seria apenas com a apresentação das teorias elaboradas durante a história da filosofia, sem o objetivo de desenvolver com o aluno atitudes propriamente filosóficas. Por outro lado, ao tentar evitar tal conteudismo, pode-se recair numa desconsideração total pela história da filosofia, de modo que a aula se torne apenas uma discussão de amenidades, sem se diferenciar muito do senso comum. O presente trabalho está focalizado no tema do ensino de filosofia. O problema aqui tratado é a possibilidade de uma aula propriamente filosófica, sem recair no conteudismo e nem na mera discussão do senso comum. Mais especificamente, o problema é como utilizar os clássicos da história da filosofia em sala de aula, sem perder a característica de atividade crítica e problematizadora da filosofia. O objetivo desse texto é apresentar uma possibilidade de trabalho com um texto clássico em sala de aula. O texto escolhido para o trabalho é o quinto livro da Ética a Nicômaco, de Aristóteles. Como condição para trabalhar com tal texto clássico, é preciso entender como deve ser realizada uma aula de filosofia no ensino médio, bem como qual é o papel do professor nessas aulas. Por isso, o primeiro capítulo apresenta uma fundamentação teórica para isso, a partir dos textos de Sílvio Gallo e de Lídia Maria Rodrigo. Em seguida, no segundo capítulo, há uma apresentação da discussão desenvolvida em Ética a Nicômaco V. Por fim, no último capítulo, há uma proposta de estratégias didáticas para o tratamento do texto clássico em sala de aul

Eudaimonia e atividades humanas na filosofia de Aristóteles

Orientador: Profa. Dra. Vivianne de Castilho MoreiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia. Defesa : Curitiba, 04/11/2016Inclui referências: p. 55-56Resumo: A análise da eudaimonia realizada por Aristóteles na Ética Nicomaqueia apresenta dificuldades de compreensão da sua definição que são problemáticas com respeito à delimitação de quais bens podem satisfazê-la. Com respeito à definição, atividade da alma segundo a virtude perfeita (EN I, 7), haveria uma confusão ao se interpretar o que significa para uma virtude ser perfeita (t é M io v ). Por um lado, poderia significar ser a virtude melhor em máximo grau; enquanto por outro lado significaria a totalidade das virtudes. Ambas as interpretações podem ser fundamentadas por análises aristotélicas tecidas na EN. No último livro, por exemplo, Aristóteles claramente atribui proeminência à sabedoria filosófica; enquanto, nos primeiros livros da obra, em sua análise das virtudes morais, ele parece adotar uma abordagem que privilegia um conjunto de virtudes como a melhor vida possível. Hardie, em seu artigo O bem final na ética de Aristóteles, afirma que essa dificuldade de compreensão perpassa toda a ética aristotélica, de modo que Aristóteles acabe por defender algo que seria uma consequência oposta à que sua argumentação indicaria. O objetivo desta pesquisa é mostrar que a concepção de eudaimonia aristotélica deriva de uma análise rigorosa das atividades humanas. De modo que o conceito de eudaimonia, atividade mais perfeita, seria derivado analiticamente de uma avaliação das atividades. Em outras palavras, as atividades humanas podem ser expressas segundo uma gradação que iria das atividades menos perfeitas para as mais perfeitas. Assim, as atividades mais perfeitas comporiam a eudaimonia. Buscando executar essa tarefa, primeiramente, procurou-se expor as confusões atribuídas à exposição Aristóteles a partir de uma leitura do artigo de Hardie. Em seguida, é explicitado o conceito aristotélico de fim, tal como aparece em Metafísica. Feito isso, passa-se a uma análise das atividades humanas, por meio de trechos que distingam o que é ação e produção. Nessa análise, procura-se mostrar duas coisas: i) ação é o que possui caráter de fim, enquanto produção é o que possui caráter de meio; e ii) as atividades humanas se resolvem nessas duas formas de atividade. Desse modo, a gradação entre atividades mais finais e menos finais seria propriamente uma gradação de produções a ações. Por fim, uma vez que a interpretação da resolução do gênero das atividades humanas a ações e produções levanta uma dificuldade de compreensão com respeito a distinção aristotélica entre produção, ação e contemplação, coteja-se essa interpretação com as passagens que tratam dessa distinção. Palavras-chave: eudaimonia, atividades humanas, ação, produção, teleologia.Abstract: The analysis of eudaimonia carried through by Aristotle on his Nichomachean Ethics shows comprehension difficulties on its definition that are problematic with respect to the delimitation of which goods can satisfy it. With respect to the definition, activity of the soul under perfect virtue (NE I, 7), there would be confusion interpreting what it would mean for a virtue to be perfect (t e M io v ). In a way, it could mean to be the best virtue in maximum degree; on the other hand, it would mean the totality of the virtues. Aristotelic analysis woven in NE can underlie both interpretations. In the last book, for example, Aristotle clearly attributes prominence to philosophical wisdom; while in the first books of the NE., in his analysis of the moral virtues, he seems to adopt an approach which privileges a set of virtues as the best possible life. Hardie, in his paper The Final Good in Aristotle's Ethics, affirms that this difficulty of comprehension permeates the whole aristotelic ethics, such that Aristotle ends by defending something that would be an opposite consequence to what his argumentation would indicate. The aim of this research is to show that the conception of aristotelic eudaimonia derives from a rigorous analysis of human activity. Such that the concept of eudaimonia, the most perfect activity, would be analytically derived from an evaluation of the activities. In other words, human activities could be expressed as a gradient that would go from the least perfect activities to the most perfect ones. Thus, the most perfect activities would compose the eudaimonia. In search of executing this task, firstly we tried to expose the confusion attributed to the Aristotle's exposition from a reading from Hardie's paper. Next, it is explained the aristotelic concept of end, as it appears in Metaphysica. Done that, we go to an analysis of human activities, by means of excerpts that distinguish what is action from what is production. In this analysis, it is intended to show two things: i) action is that which possesses character of an end, while production is that which possesses character of means; and ii) the human activities are resolved in these two forms of activity. Therefore, the gradient between more final activities and less final activities would actually be a gradient from productions to actions. Finally, once the interpretation of the resolution of human activities into actions and productions raises a difficulty of comprehension with respect to the aristotelic distinction between production, action and contemplation, this interpretation is compared to the passages that deal with that distinction. Keywords: eudaimonia, human activities, action, production, teleology

Species specific in vitro protein digestion (pH-stat) for fish: method development and application for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), cobia (Rachycentron canadum), and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Aqua feed manufacture requires flexible formulations and effective methods to screen suitable feed ingredients. In vitro digestion may assist in the characterization and quality control of protein in feedstuffs for fish species once standardized species-specific digestive enzyme extracts are available. This study aimed to develop a species-specific in vitro enzymatic method to assess protein digestion in fish under the pH-stat concept. Two carnivorous (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and cobia, Rachycentron canadum) and one omnivorous (Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus) fish species were used as models. Crude digestive enzyme extracts were recovered from stomach and pyloric caeca or intestine of individuals of different weight groups, feeding status, and farming systems. The hydrolytic capacity of the species-specific enzyme extracts was standardized on purified protein substrates and measured as degree of protein hydrolysis (DH) in the pH-stat assay. A group of twenty-four feed ingredients, including fish meals and by-products of plant and animal origin, was assessed for DH using the recovered enzymes from stomach and pyloric caeca/intestine. Ingredients were hydrolyzed with fish (i) stomach extract, (ii) pyloric caeca/intestine extract or (iii) stomach enzymes followed by pyloric caeca/intestine extract. Among plant by-products, cotton seed meal presented the highest DH with stomach plus pyloric caeca/intestine enzymes, followed by soy protein concentrate and soybean meals. Blood meals were the land animal by-product with higher DH outputs compared to poultry by-product meals and feather meals. No significant difference was observed among the DHs of fish meals. The significance of measuring the DH with stomach enzyme extract is still not well understood but, overall, the pre-hydrolysis of feedstuffs with stomach enzymes increased pyloric caeca/intestine DH value. For cage and pond farmed Nile tilapia, ingredient DHs followed the same trend, describing a significant correlation and a high determination coefficient regression. Routine use of the method may yet depend on the prompt availability of more practical sources of enzymes. The determination of the degree of protein hydrolysis by the in vitro pH-stat with species-specific enzymes has shown to be a precise method that may be a useful tool to rank feed ingredients, and also an accessory method in the quality control of feedstuffs

Early development, survival and growth rates of the giant clam Tridacna crocea (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae)

Bivalves tridacnídeos são habitantes conspícuos dos recifes da região do Indo-Pacífico e são cultivados e comercializados para os mercados alimentício e aquarista. No estudo apresentado foram determinadas as taxas de crescimento diário durante a primeira semana de vida da larva do bivalve ornamental Tridacna crocea. As matrizes foram induzidas à desova por meio de uma injeção intragonadal de serotonina realizada através do orifício bissal. Após desova, ovócitos foram coletados, fertilizados e mantidos em béqueres de vidro e tanques de fluxo contínuo tratados com antibióticos para evitar contaminação. Larvas foram alimentadas em duas ocasiões com a microalga Isochrysis galbana e zooxantelas foram oferecidas também por duas vezes. O comprimento larval foi medido através de mesa digitalizadora conectada em um microcomputador. A mortalidade larval foi exponencial durante as primeiras 48 horas de vida, diminuindo em seguida. A taxa média de crescimento foi de 11,3 μm dia-1, aumentando para 18,0 μm dia-1 após a adição de simbiontes. A sobrevivência aumentou para 75% após a adição de zooxantelas. Os resultados apresentam a curva de crescimento para a larva de T. crocea e sugerem que a aquisição de simbiontes pela larva pode ser importante para o crescimento larval e sobrevivência mesmo antes delas completarem a metamorfose.Tridacnid clams are conspicuous inhabitants of Indo-Pacific coral reefs and are traded and cultivated for the aquarium and food industries. In the present study, daily growth rates of larvae of the giant clam Tridacna crocea were determined in the laboratory during the first week of life. Adults were induced to spawn via intra-gonadal serotonin injection through the byssal orifice. After spawning oocytes were collected, fertilized and kept in 3 L glass beakers and raceways treated with antibiotics to avoid culture contamination. Larvae were fed twice with the microalga Isochrysis galbana and zooxanthellae were also offered twice during the veliger stage (days 4 and 6). Larval length was measured using a digitizing tablet coupled to a microcomputer. Larval mortality was exponential during the first 48 hours of life declining significantly afterwards. Mean growth rate was 11.3 μm day-1, increasing after addition of symbionts to 18.0 μm day-1. Survival increased to ca. 75% after the addition of zooxanthellae. The results describe the growth curve for T. crocea larvae and suggest that the acquisition of symbionts by larvae may be useful for larval growth and survival even before larvae have attained metamorphosis

A population-based study of tuberculosis incidence among rheumatic disease patients under anti-tnf treatment

Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The advent of immunobiologic therapy with TNF inhibitors agents, has been associated with a significant increase in incident cases of tuberculosis in this population. Objective To estimate the incidence of tuberculosis in patients receiving TNF inhibitors therapy for rheumatic diseases. As secondary objectives, we sought to evaluate mortality and the clinical impact of screening for latent tuberculosis infection. Methods This retrospective study included patients with rheumatic diseases of Public Health System from the Brazilian state, a high TB incidence area, who received prescriptions of TNF inhibitors agents between 2006 and 2016. Results A total of 5853 rheumatic disease patients were included. Patients were predominantly women (68.7%) aged 49.5 (± 14.7) years old. Forty-three cases of TB were found (2.86 cases per 1000 person-years; 18 times higher than in the general population). Adalimumab and certolizumab users presented a higher risk for TB development compared to etanercept users (RR: 3.11, 95%CI 1.16–8.35; 7.47, 95%CI 1.39–40.0, respectively). In a subgroup of patients, screening for latent tuberculosis infection was performed in 86% of patients, and 30.2% had a positive tuberculin skin test. Despite latent TB treatment, TB was diagnosed in 2 out of 74 (2.7%) patients. Overall, TB diagnosis did not increase mortality. Conclusion In this population-based study of rheumatic disease patients from a high incident area, TNF inhibitor exposure was associated with an 18-time increased TB incidence. Adalimumab and certolizumab were associated with greater and earlier TB diagnosis compared to etanercept

Quality indicators in type 2 diabetes patient care: analysis per care-complexity level

Background: This study was developed to evaluate quality indicators in type 2 diabetes patient care at the Unified Public Health System’s primary and tertiary health care centers within a local population. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort of 488 patients with type 2 diabetes (148 in each primary health care unit, ESF and UBS, and 192 at the tertiary health care unit) with a 1-year follow-up to evaluate the following care quality indicators: nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy tests, yearly lipid profile and nutritional assessments, and an inquiry about tobacco use. The presence of > 50% of the quality of care assessment measures was considered acceptable. Indicators were also evaluated in relation to patients without proper diabetes control (HbA1c > 8.5%). Results: In the results, a high percentage of patients were excluded specifically for not presenting the two HbA1c tests within a year (n = 208, 58.1% at ESF; n = 225, 58.4% at UBS; and n = 39, 16.9% at the tertiary health care unit). From the included patients, only 7 (4.7%) at ESF, 7 (4.7%) at UBS, and 52 (27.0%) at the tertiary health care unit showed > 50% of the quality criteria covered. When only patients without proper diabetes control were evaluated, none of them at any of the health care units showed all the quality criteria covered. Conclusions: Our results show a low percentage of care assessment measures at each evaluated health care unit, pointing out the need to improve the protocols and care lines of diabetic patients

Methodology to evaluate dripper sensitivity to clogging due to solid particles: an assessment

Emitter clogging is a major problem in microirrigation systems, which may result from the isolated or combined efects of physical, chemical, and biological agents. Clogging caused by suspended solid particles is the most common plugging form of emitters. Water quality and emitter geometry are key aspects in clogging processes. Any suitable test procedure to assess the sensitivity of drippers to clogging should take into account the predominant factors that infuence clogging and must reproduce the feld conditions. Tis research set out to assess the performance and suitability of a laboratory clogging test procedure in order to validate a methodology and to provide scientifc results that may support the standardization of a clogging test method. Te evaluated methodology has been used by the IRSTEA laboratory since 1974 (Platform of Research and experiment on Science and Technology for Irrigation - PReSTI, formerly LERMI) and its contents are currently being discussed by the ISO TC23/SC18 committee. Te aim is to defne a standardized testing protocol to evaluate the sensitivity of emitters to clogging due to solid particles. Replications analyzing the clogging resistance of four models of emitting pipes were carried out in a laboratory.Te clogging test procedure enabled an accurate assessment of the combinations of concentration and size of particles that caused clogging in each model of dripper. However, a signifcant variability in degree of clogging was identifed when the results of replications for each model of dripper were compared. Several requirements, concerns, and improvements related to the clogging test protocol were discussed.2018FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2015/19630-

Cost-utility analysis of opportunistic and systematic diabetic retinopathy screening strategies from the perspective of the Brazilian Public Healthcare System

Objective: To perform a cost-utility analysis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening strategies from the perspective of the Brazilian Public Healthcare System. Methods: A model-based economic evaluation was performed to estimate the incremental costs per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained between three DR screening strategies: (1) the opportunistic ophthalmology referral-based (usual practice), (2) the systematic ophthalmology referral-based, and (3) the systematic teleophthalmology-based. The target population included individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) aged 40 years, without retinopathy, followed over a 40-year time horizon. A Markov model was developed with five health states and a 1-year cycle. Model parameters were based on literature and country databases. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to assess model parameters’ uncertainty. WHO willingness-to-pay (WHO-WTP) thresholds were used as reference (i.e. one and three times the Brazilian per capita Gross Domestic Product of R$32747 in 2018). Results: Compared to usual practice, the systematic teleophthalmology-based screening was associated with an incremental cost of R$21445/QALY gained ($9792/QALY gained). The systematic ophthalmology referral-based screening was more expensive (incremental costs = R$4) and less effective (incremental QALY = −0.012) compared to the systematic teleophthalmology-based screening. The probability of systematic teleophthalmology-based screening being cost-effective compared to usual practice was 0.46 and 0.67 at the minimum and the maximum WHO-WTP thresholds, respectively. Conclusion: Systematic teleophthalmology-based DR screening for the Brazilian population with T2D would be considered very cost effective compared to the opportunistic ophthalmology referral-based screening according to the WHO-WTP threshold. However, there is still a considerable amount of uncertainty around the results

ADUBAÇÃO POTÁSSICA NA PRODUTIVIDADE DA SOQUEIRA DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR COLHIDA SEM QUEIMA

An experiment was performed where the aim was to appraise the response of the potassium fertilization allotment in root reaped sugarcane. The experiment was installed on the Nova Aliança farm in Sales de Oliveira, São Paulo, Brazil, on the first root sugarcane (SP 80-1816). The experiment was appraised in delineation entirely casually witch 5 treatments and 4 repetitions. The treatments were constituted by rate of potassium as following: 1) 0 and 60 kg ha-1 K2O; 2) 0 and 90 kg ha-1 K2O; 3) 0 and 120 kg ha-1 K2O; 4) 60 and 60 kg ha-1 K2O; 5) 60 and 120 kg ha-1 K2O, applied to 30 and 60 days after the root sprout respectively. Technological parameters were appraised (pH, pol% sugarcane, purity, fiber, redactor sugar and recoverable total sugar) and the culms and sugar production. The potassium application in higher doses than 60 kg ha -1 K2O didn’t affect the technological quality of the root sugarcane, in the meantime the rate of 120 kg ha-1 K2O divided into two allotments made the culms production higher. It was concluded that the rate of potassium increment is more important in the culms production than for the root sugarcane technological quality.O objetivo desse trabalho foi de verificar o efeito da aplicação do potássio na produtividade da soqueira de cana-de-açúcar de primeiro corte colhida sem despalha à fogo. O experimento foi instalado na fazenda Nova Aliança em Sales de Oliveira-SP, Brasil, na primeira soqueira de cana-de-açúcar (SP 80-1816). O experimento foi avaliado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por doses de potássio da seguinte forma: 1) 0 e 60 kg ha -1 K2O; 2) 0 e 90 kg ha -1 K2O; 3) 0 e 120 kg ha -1 K2O; 4) 60 e 60 kg ha -1 K2O; 5) 60 e 120 kg ha -1 K2O, aplicados aos 30 e 60 dias após a brotação da soqueira respectivamente. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros tecnológicos (pH, pol%cana, pureza, fibra, açúcares redutores e açúcares totais recuperáveis) e a produção de colmos e de açúcar. A aplicação do potássio em doses maiores que 60 kg ha -1 K2O não afetou a qualidade tecnológica da soqueira de cana-de-açúcar, entretanto a dose de 120 kg ha -1 K2O dividida em dois parcelamentos proporcionou maior produção de colmos. Concluiu-se que o incremento das doses de potássio é mais importante na produção de colmos do que para a qualidade tecnológica da soqueira de cana-de-açúcar