9 research outputs found

    The k-means clustering technique: General considerations and implementation in Mathematica

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    Data clustering techniques are valuable tools for researchers working with large databases of multivariate data. In this tutorial, we present a simple yet powerful one: the k-means clustering technique, through three different algorithms: the Forgy/Lloyd, algorithm, the MacQueen algorithm and the Hartigan and Wong algorithm. We then present an implementation in Mathematica and various examples of the different options available to illustrate the application of the technique

    Expérience comportementale et modélisation par réseau neuronal des différences entre les processus de catégorisation par rÚgles logiques et par ressemblance familiale

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    Notre Ă©tude est bipartite. En premier lieu nous avons effectuĂ© une Ă©tude empirique des diffĂ©rences entre les processus de catĂ©gorisation explicite (verbalisable) et implicite (non-verbalisable). Nous avons examinĂ© la difficultĂ© et le temps nĂ©cessaire pour apprendre trois tĂąches de catĂ©gorisation dites par air de famille, par rĂšgle logique conjonctive et par rĂšgle logique disjonctive. Nous avons ensuite utilisĂ© un rĂ©seau neuronal pour modĂ©liser la catĂ©gorisation en lui faisant complĂ©ter les mĂȘmes tĂąches. La comparaison entre les deux nous permet de juger de l’adĂ©quation du modĂšle. Les donnĂ©es empiriques ont montrĂ© un effet de la typicitĂ© et de la familiaritĂ© en accord avec la documentation et nous trouvons que la tĂąche de catĂ©gorisation par rĂšgle disjonctive est la plus difficile alors que la tĂąche de catĂ©gorisation par air de famille est la plus facile. La modĂ©lisation par le rĂ©seau est une rĂ©ussite partielle mais nous prĂ©sentons des solutions afin qu’un rĂ©seau futur puisse modĂ©liser le processus catĂ©goriel humain efficacementOur present research was twofold. First, we conducted a study of the differences in the categorization processes between explicit (verbalizable) and implicit (nonverbalizable) tasks. The differentiation was done in term of difficulty and time necessary to learn the rule of the category for family resemblance, conjunctive and disjunctive rules. We then used a neural network to model the categorization and had it complete the same tasks. The comparison between the two gave us insight into how (and if) the network can be used as a model of human categorization. The empirical data confirmed an effect of familiarity and typicality, as supported by previous studies, and we confirmed that the disjunctive task was the hardest to learn for humans while our results point toward the family resemblance task as being the easiest. The modelization by the neural network was partially successful at best but we present options that could permit a next generation neural network to model the categorization process truthfull

    Les enfants victimes d'agression sexuelle : leur témoignage dans les différents types de cour et l'association entre le verdict et leur santé mentale

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    Les enfants victimes d’agression sexuelle (VAS) sont susceptibles de dĂ©velopper d’importantes consĂ©quences psychologiques et sociales Ă  la suite de leur victimisation. Plusieurs de ces jeunes sont mĂȘme confrontĂ©s, tĂŽt ou tard, au systĂšme de justice Ă  titre de tĂ©moin, qui risque, Ă  son tour, d’exacerber ces symptĂŽmes chez ces enfants. Objectifs. L’expĂ©rience judiciaire des enfants VAS Ă©tant un sujet peu documentĂ© dans la littĂ©rature scientifique, le projet actuel vise une meilleure comprĂ©hension de la rĂ©alitĂ© de ces jeunes qui sont impliquĂ©s sur le plan judiciaire dans le but de mieux informer les chercheurs et les professionnels qui oeuvrent auprĂšs de cette clientĂšle quant aux caractĂ©ristiques et besoins de ces enfants. MĂ©thode. Le prĂ©sent projet vise trois questions de recherche : 1) Quelles sont les caractĂ©ristiques qui distinguent les enfants VAS qui a) n’ont pas tĂ©moignĂ© au tribunal de ceux qui b) ont tĂ©moignĂ© Ă  la Chambre criminelle et pĂ©nale de la Cour du QuĂ©bec ou la Chambre criminelle de la Cour supĂ©rieure et de ceux c) qui ont tĂ©moignĂ© dans un autre tribunal, soit la Chambre de la jeunesse ou la Chambre de la famille? 2) Quelles sont les caractĂ©ristiques qui distinguent les enfants VAS dont la cause s’est soldĂ©e par un verdict d’acquittement ou un verdict de culpabilitĂ©? 3) Existe-t-il un lien entre la dĂ©cision du juge (verdict) et l’état psychologique des enfants VAS Ă  la suite de la psychothĂ©rapie? Des enfants VAS pris en charge par un centre d’appui pour enfants, soit le Centre d’Expertise Marie-Vincent (CEMV) (n=177), ont rempli une sĂ©rie de questionnaires accompagnĂ©s de leur(s) parent(s) concernant leur implication judiciaire, leur prise en charge et leur Ă©tat psychologique. Afin d’étudier le type d’implication judiciaire de ces enfants, trois groupes ont Ă©tĂ© formĂ©s, soient les enfants VAS qui ont tĂ©moignĂ© Ă  la Chambre criminelle et pĂ©nale (N=19), les enfants VAS qui ont tĂ©moignĂ© dans un autre tribunal que la Chambre criminelle et pĂ©nale (N=59) et les enfants VAS qui n’ont pas tĂ©moignĂ© (N=99). Les participants sont ĂągĂ©s entre 6 et 14 ans et 71,8% sont des filles (M=9,93; É-T=2,060). RĂ©sultats. Les filles plus ĂągĂ©es, victimes d’AS plus sĂ©vĂšres, de maniĂšre rĂ©pĂ©titive ou chronique, dans un contexte intrafamilial sont plus nombreuses Ă  ĂȘtre impliquĂ©es dans le processus judiciaire. Également, les jeunes filles VAS dans un contexte intrafamilial sont significativement plus susceptibles de tĂ©moigner dans un tribunal comme celui de la Chambre de la Jeunesse (« autre tribunal ») et tendent Ă  ressentir, en moyenne, plus de stress en lien avec leur dĂ©voilement, comparativement aux enfants VAS qui ne tĂ©moignent pas. Également, plus l’agresseur sexuel est ĂągĂ© et plus il est probable que le dossier judiciaire procĂšde Ă  la Chambre criminelle et pĂ©nale. Finalement, les enfants VAS dont la cause s’est soldĂ©e par un verdict de culpabilitĂ© prĂ©sentent moins de troubles intĂ©riorisĂ©s et de symptĂŽmes d’anxiĂ©tĂ© comparativement aux enfants VAS dont la cause s’est soldĂ©e par un verdict d’acquittement. Conclusion. Ces rĂ©sultats appuient en partie certains constats soulevĂ©s prĂ©cĂ©demment par d’autres chercheurs. D’autant plus, les rĂ©sultats observĂ©s dans le cadre de ce projet ainsi que les limites mĂ©thodologiques rencontrĂ©es dans son exĂ©cution mettent en lumiĂšre l’importance de poursuivre les Ă©tudes dans le domaine afin de mieux orienter les interventions visant Ă  diminuer la victimisation secondaire et la dĂ©tresse des jeunes victimes d’AS.Victims of child sexual abuse (CSA) are likely to develop multiple psychological and social consequences in relation to their victimization. Sooner or later, many of these children may be involved in the justice system as witnesses, which can exacerbate the consequences for them. Objective. The judicial experience of children exposed to sexual abuse has rarely been documented in the scientific literature. The main objective of this Masters’ thesis is to foster a better understanding of the reality that these children who are involved in the justice system face and to contribute to inform researchers and professionals who work with CSA victims of the characteristics and needs of these children. Method. This project addresses the following three research questions: 1) What are the characteristics that distinguish CSA victims who a) did not testify in court from those who b) testified in the Criminal and Penal Chamber of the Court of Quebec or the Criminal Chamber of the Superior Court and those who c) testified in another court, either the Youth Chamber or the Family Chamber? 2) What are the characteristics that distinguish CSA victims whose cases has resulted in an acquittal or a guilty verdict? 3) Is there a link between the judge’s decision (verdict) and the psychological state of the CSA victim following psychotherapy? With the help of their parents, children who received services in a Child Advocacy Centre (Centre d’Expertise Marie-Vincent, CEMV) (n=177) filled out surveys concerning their legal implication, the support that they received and their psychological state. In order to study the type of judicial implication, we separated these children into three groups; CSA victims who testified at the Criminal and Penal Division (N=19), CSA victims who testified in court other than the Criminal and Penal Division (N=59), and CSA victims who did not testified (N=99). The participants’ ages ranged from 6 to 14 years old, 71,8% are girls (M=9,93; SD=2,060). Results. Older girls, who are victims of more severe, repetitive and intrafamilial sexual abuse, are more likely to testify in court. Also, girls who have been victims of intrafamilial sexual abuse more often testify in courts such as Youth Court (‘’ other court ‘’) and report experiencing more stress in relation to their disclosure than CSA victims who did not testify. Further, cases in which the accused are older are more likely to be processed in the Criminal and Penal Division. Finally, children for whom the accused was declared guilty were reported to experience less internalized behavior problems and anxiety symptoms than children for whom the accused was acquitted. Conclusion. The results of this study partially support the findings of past research. The finding observed in this research project as well as the methodological limitations encountered in its execution highlight the importance of continuing to conduct studies in the field in order to better guide interventions that can reduce the secondary victimization and distress of young victims of sexual abuse

    Les miss et les reines de carnaval autochtones au Québec : défier les modÚles et les normes

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    Les Ă©lections pour couronner des femmes symbolisant leur groupe social existent depuis les annĂ©es 60 chez les peuples amĂ©rindiens du QuĂ©bec. De nos jours, deux sortes de concours existent : ceux de miss et ceux de reines de carnaval, chacun valorisant diffĂ©rents types d’idĂ©aux fĂ©minins. Les auteures Ă©mettent l’hypothĂšse que ces spectacles sociaux vĂ©hiculent des modĂšles complĂ©mentaires ou contradictoires qui montrent combien ĂȘtre une AmĂ©rindienne peut se rĂ©vĂ©ler complexe. Entre la dĂ©fense du territoire et la trousse Ă  maquillage, les concours mettent en jeu des codes et des normes qui s’entrechoquent et thĂ©Ăątralisent d’apparentes antinomies.Elections to crown women who symbolize their social group have existed since the 60s among the Native peoples of Quebec. Today, two types of competition exist : Miss and Carnival Queens, each highlighting different types of feminine ideals. The authors hypothesize that these social performances convey complementary or contradictory model that show how being an Aboriginal woman can be complex. Between defence of their territory and the makeup kit, these competitions bring into question codes and norms that collide and so dramatize apparent contradictions.Las elecciones para coronar mujeres que simbolizan su grupo social existen desde la dĂ©cada de los años 60 en la poblaciĂłn amerindia en Quebec. Hoy en dĂ­a, existen dos tipos de competencia : las de miss y las de reinas de carnaval, cada una destacando diferentes tipos de ideales femeninos. Nuestra hipĂłtesis es que estas actuaciones sociales transmiten modelos complementarios o contradictorios que muestran cĂłmo ser una mujer amerindia puede ser complejo. Entre la defensa territorial y el estuche de maquillaje, las competencias implican cĂłdigos y normas que se chocan y que dramatizan aparentes antinomias

    Mouse syngenic in vitro blood-brain barrier model: a new tool to examine inflammatory events in cerebral endothelium

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    Comment in : Technical caveats in identifying the source of endothelial cells in cultures derived from brain microvessels. [Lab Invest. 2005]International audienceAlthough cerebral endothelium disturbance is commonly observed in central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory pathologies, neither the cause of this phenomenon nor the effective participation of blood- brain barrier (BBB) in such diseases are well established. Observations were mostly made in vivo using mouse models of chronic inflammation. This paper presents a new mouse in vitro model suitable for the study of underlying mechanistic events touching BBB functions during CNS inflammatory disturbances. This model consists of a coculture with both primary cell types isolated from mice. Mouse brain capillary endothelial cell (MBCEC)s coming from brain capillaries are in culture with their in vivo partners and form differentiated monolayers that retain endothelial markers and numerous phenotypic properties of in vivo cerebral endothelium, such as: (1) peripheral distribution of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-5, claudin-3 and JAM-1); (2) high trans-endothelium electrical resistance value; (3) attenuated paracellular flux of sucrose and inulin; (4) P-gp expression; (5) no MECA-32 expression. Furthermore, this endothelium expresses cell adhesion molecules described in vivo and shows intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 upregulation under lipopolysaccharide-treatment. Therefore, this well-differentiated model using autologous cells appears as a suitable support to reconstitute pathological in vitro BBB model

    The prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of depressive symptoms among Cypriot university students: a cross-sectional descriptive co-relational study

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    Background: Previous findings in the literature suggest that the occurrence of depressive symptoms among university students is associated with specific socio-demographic characteristics. No related research studies have been conducted among university students in Cyprus. The current study aims to add more evidence to the literature by estimating the prevalence of clinical depressive symptoms and their association with individual, parental, academic and health-related behavior characteristics. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study with internal comparison was performed. The occurrence of depressive symptoms was assessed by the Center for Epidemiology Studies - Depression Scale (CES-D). Clinical depressive symptoms were reported as CES-D values ≄ 20. The socio-demographic and other characteristics of the participants were assessed using a questionnaire specifically designed for the present study. Both questionnaires were completed anonymously and voluntarily by 1,500 students (29.9% males and 70.1% females, response rate 85%). Results: The prevalence of clinical depressive symptoms [CES-D score ≄ 20] was 27.9%. Among other, strong positive associations with clinical depressive symptoms were observed with a) positive personal and family history of depression (OR 2.85, 95% CI: 1.77 – 4.60), b) self -assessed poor physical and mental health (OR 11.30, 95% CI: 7.05 – 18.08). Moreover, students with learning disabilities, as well as those who were dissatisfied with the major under study, the quality of the educational system, the living arrangement, their social life and the available university facilities (OR 2.73, 95% CI: 2.00 – 3.72) were more likely to report clinical depressive symptoms. Conclusions: The results of the present study highlight specific individual, parental, academic and health-related behavior characteristics of the students associated with the presence of depressive symptoms. Thus, targeted interventions considering the socio-demographic profile of vulnerable students for early recognition and manifestation of mental health disturbances may be designed. Moreover, the relatively high prevalence of clinical symptoms of depression within this particular cultural context may warrant further investigation in longitudinal studies

    8th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention (IAS 2015).

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