Education Policy Impacts: 2007-2014

Communities for Public Education Reform (CPER) is a national funders' collaborative committed to improving educational opportunities and outcomes for students -- in particular students of color from low-income families -- by supporting community-driven reforms led by grassroots education organizing groups. A project of NEO Philanthropy, CPER has engaged 76 local and national fund members, investing $34 million in 140 community groups, advocacy allies, and national coalitions over the Fund's eight year lifespan.Powered by multi-year campaigns that involved organizing, advocacy, research, communications, and alliance building, CPER grantees played a key role in securing more than 9 policy wins at the school, district, state and federal level between 2007 and 2014. This summary of selected wins begins with those achieved at the federal level and follows with district- and state-level reforms grouped by CPER's six investment sites across the country. Organizations must remain united to defend these wins, monitor their implementation, and ensure that policies will stick

Greater Power, Lasting Impact: Effective Grantmaker Strategies from the Communities for Public Education Reform Fund (CPER)

CPER (also referred to here on as the "Fund") is a national funders' collaborative committed to improving educational opportunities and outcomes for students -- in particular students of color from low-income families -- by supporting community-driven reforms led by grassroots education organizing groups. CPER originated in discussions among funders active in Grantmakers for Education's Working Group on Education Organizing.They launched the collaborative in 2007, in partnership with NEO Philanthropy (then Public Interest Projects), the 501 (c)(3) public charity engaged to direct the Fund. CPER's founding funders saw that, in the education debates of the day, the perspectives of those closest to the ground were often left out. These funders recognized that students and families have a crucial role to play in identifying, embracing, and sustaining meaningful school reform. Students and families know their own needs and see first-hand the inequities in schools. Organizing groups help them get a seat at the decision-making table and develop workable solutions, building on community assets that are vital to addressing the cultural and political dimensions of reform. These grassroots groups are essential to creating the public accountability and will needed to catalyze educational reforms and ensure they stick. They can be the antidote to the ever-shifting political conditions and leadership turnover that plague reform efforts. At the same time, they help community members develop leadership and a grassroots base, building individual civic capacity and community power that strengthens our democratic infrastructure for the long term. Because educational improvement requires tackling persistent inequities in race and income, supporting leaders in low-income communities of color also helps build the social capital needed to solve integrally related social challenges. CPER was initially conceived to run for a minimum of three years -- a timeline consistent with most foundation grants but short for the transformative kinds of changes the Fund hoped to achieve. CPER's lifespan eventually stretched to eight years because of the recognized power of its supported work. Over this period, NEO Philanthropy engaged a highly diverse set of 76 local and national funders in the CPER collaborative. Incentivizing new resources through matching dollars, CPER raised close to $34 million and invested nationally in some 140 community groups and advocacy allies in national coalitions and in six target sites of varying scale (California, Chicago, Colorado, Mississippi, New Jersey, and Philadelphia). These groups, in turn, developed local leadership, national coalitions, and cross-issue alliances that helped to achieve over 90 school-, district, and state-level policy reforms that strengthen educational equity and opportunity. CPER's history of impact illustrates the efficacy of community organizing as an essential education reform strategy, along with the more commonly supported strategies of policy advocacy, research, and model demonstration efforts. But CPER's story is also more broadly instructive. In this period of "strategic philanthropy " when focused, foundation-led agendas are increasingly seen as the surest route to achieving desired ends, CPER offered a very different, bottom-up, multi-issue alternative that proved effective. In sharing CPER's story, we hope to deepen understanding of the value of community organizing for education reform while contributing to the larger conversation about how grantmakers can effectively support social movements to strengthen opportunity and justice

I\u27m Going Cycle Every Day

Many designers and scientists have been able to integrate design and science in their respective fields to create works that effectively inform their audiences of complicated subjects. Each of these individuals can express their creativity and viewpoint of the subject matter in a way that is interesting, visually appealing, and informative. Using the medium of graphic design, I created printed posters that represent the way I view the processes of the human body that are technical, yet also visually appealing. My thesis exhibition walks my audience through the biological cycles that maintain the human body on an everyday basis from head to toe. This is achieved through the interpretation and visualization of biological data. The goal of these works is to inform the audience of the nuances of changes that occur in the body that can cause physical and emotional changes. In addition, while the audience is looking at the work, they should ponder about what is occurring in their own bodies and what they are personally doing to affect their health. This exploration of merging design and science helped me represent science and see science in a non-textbook/non-conventional way. Scientific concepts do not always have to be in the form of overly technical diagrams to be able to inform the audience

'Bootstrap' Configuration for Multistage Pulse-Tube Coolers

A bootstrap configuration has been proposed for multistage pulse-tube coolers that, for instance, provide final-stage cooling to temperatures as low as 20 K. The bootstrap configuration supplants the conventional configuration, in which customarily the warm heat exchangers of all stages reject heat at ambient temperature. In the bootstrap configuration, the warm heat exchanger, the inertance tube, and the reservoir of each stage would be thermally anchored to the cold heat exchanger of the next warmer stage. The bootstrapped configuration is superior to the conventional setup, in some cases increasing the 20 K cooler's coefficient of performance two-fold over that of an otherwise equivalent conventional layout. The increased efficiency could translate into less power consumption, less cooler mass, and/or lower cost for a given amount of cooling

Slurred, Blurred, and a Hard-to-Find Word: Acute Progressive Neurologic Changes in a Pediatric Patient

Background: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is typically a viral sequelae, with a 1-3% mortality rate. ADEM has been described as a consequence of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. This case report describes a child diagnosed with ADEM in the setting of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection with the clinical course complicated by co-infection with Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). HHV-6 positivity in the CSF is often considered an incidental finding, but it has been shown to cause encephalopathy, seizures, and demyelinating disease. This case is unique in that the dual infection with SARS-CoV-2 and HHV-6 may have contributed to the development of ADEM, poor clinical outcome, and resistance to treatment in this case. Case Presentation: A 9 y.o. male with ADHD presented with 12 hours of acute onset left-sided weakness, blurred vision with left-sided vision loss, expressive aphasia, and ataxia. Head CT was negative at an outside ED prior to transfer. On exam, he was responsive to commands and agitated with waxing and waning consciousness. Exam significant for decreased left peripheral and blurry vision, expressive aphasia, slurred speech, and decreased left grip strength, although full strength testing was limited. Patellar reflexes 3+ but symmetric, Babinski down, and no clonus. Evaluation was pertinent for positive respiratory panel for SARS-CoV-2. CSF was without pleocytosis, elevated protein, and positive for HHV6. Serum studies positive for GAD65 Ab. MRI brain and spine with T2 hyperintensities showing extensive punctate white matter lesions throughout the cerebral hemispheres, midbrain, and cerebellum, enhancing signal abnormality throughout the spinal cord, and dominant lesions in the frontal lobes, to be correlated with vasculitis or demyelinating disorders. Normal MRA/MRV head. The patient received high dose IV steroids followed by IVIG due to lack of response. He was started on IV Ganciclovir, Remdesivir, Cefepime, and Vancomycin. He developed status epilepticus (SE) resistant to multiple anti-epileptic drugs and diabetes insipidus (DI), progressing to cerebral edema and herniation, neurogenic shock, and brain death. Discussion: The combination of encephalopathy, recent viral illness, acute neurological changes, and multi-white matter lesions in the brain and spine supported a diagnosis of ADEM due to SARS-CoV-2 versus HHV- 6. One study reported that seizures occurred in 11% of children with ADEM. SE is a serious complication of ADEM and likely contributed to the development of cerebral edema, resulting DI, and the patient’s poor outcome. It is uncertain at this time if co-viral illnesses played a role in this patient’s rapid decline.https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/chri_forum/1061/thumbnail.jp

A Biomaterial Screening Approach Reveals Microenvironmental Mechanisms of Drug Resistance

Traditional drug screening methods lack features of the tumor microenvironment that contribute to resistance. Most studies examine cell response in a single biomaterial platform in depth, leaving a gap in understanding how extracellular signals such as stiffness, dimensionality, and cell–cell contacts act independently or are integrated within a cell to affect either drug sensitivity or resistance. This is critically important, as adaptive resistance is mediated, at least in part, by the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tumor microenvironment. We developed an approach to screen drug responses in cells cultured on 2D and in 3D biomaterial environments to explore how key features of ECM mediate drug response. This approach uncovered that cells on 2D hydrogels and spheroids encapsulated in 3D hydrogels were less responsive to receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-targeting drugs sorafenib and lapatinib, but not cytotoxic drugs, compared to single cells in hydrogels and cells on plastic. We found that transcriptomic differences between these in vitro models and tumor xenografts did not reveal mechanisms of ECM-mediated resistance to sorafenib. However, a systems biology analysis of phospho-kinome data uncovered that variation in MEK phosphorylation was associated with RTK-targeted drug resistance. Using sorafenib as a model drug, we found that co-administration with a MEK inhibitor decreased ECM-mediated resistance in vitro and reduced in vivo tumor burden compared to sorafenib alone. In sum, we provide a novel strategy for identifying and overcoming ECM-mediated resistance mechanisms by performing drug screening, phospho-kinome analysis, and systems biology across multiple biomaterial environments

Adhesion to the extracellular matrix is required for interleukin-1 beta actions leading to reactive phenotype in rat astrocytes

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is essential for homeostasis and normal functions, but is rapidly remodelled during acute brain injury alongside the development of an inflammatory response driven by the cytokine interleukin (IL)-1. Whether the ECM regulates IL-1 actions in astrocytes is completely unknown. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that cellular attachment to the ECM is a critical mediator of IL-1β-induced signalling pathways and development of reactive phenotype in astrocytes. Primary rat astrocytes adhered to fibronectin, laminin and fibrillin-1 in an integrin-dependent manner. Attachment to these ECM molecules significantly increased IL-1β-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and inhibition of RhoA and Rho kinase (ROCK), coincident with loss of focal adhesions and cellular morphological changes. Our data demonstrate that the ECM regulates IL-1 actions in astrocytes via cross-talk mechanisms between ERK1/2 and RhoA/ROCK, which could have important implications in brain inflammatory disorders

Analog Circuits for Computing

This project entails designing, simulating, and verifying analog circuits that can perform essential computing functions for power systems applications. The project aims to remedy critical challenges associated with handling calculations digitally, namely, time and power. This project\u27s scope includes creating a library of circuits in SPICE that can be used to model and simulate complex mathematical equations. From these SPICE models, the circuit can be constructed physically, where the solution can be generated in less time using less power than doing the computation digitally. The performance and efficiency of analog computing will be measured and compared to conventional digital methods

MicroRNA-125b transforms myeloid cell lines by repressing multiple mRNA

Background: We previously described a t(2;11)(p21;q23) chromosomal translocation found in patients with myelodysplasia or acute myeloid leukemia that leads to over-expression of the microRNA miR-125b, and we showed that transplantation of mice with murine stem/progenitor cells overexpressing miR-125b is able to induce leukemia. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of myeloid transformation by miR-125b. Design and Methods: To investigate the consequences of miR-125b over-expression on myeloid differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation, we used the NB4 and HL60 human promyelocytic cell lines and the 32Dclone3 murine promyelocytic cell line. To test whether miR-125b is able to transform myeloid cells, we used the non-tumorigenic and interleukin-3-dependent 32Dclone3 cell line over-expressing miR-125b, in xenograft experiments in nude mice and in conditions of interleukin-3 deprivation. To identify new miR-125b targets, we compared, by RNA-sequencing, the transcriptome of cell lines that do or do not over-express miR-125b. Results: We showed that miR-125b over-expression blocks apoptosis and myeloid differentiation and enhances proliferation in both species. More importantly, we demonstrated that miR-125b is able to transform the 32Dclone3 cell line by conferring growth independence from interleukin-3; xenograft experiments showed that these cells form tumors in nude mice. Using RNA-sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments, we identified multiple miR-125b targets. We demonstrated that ABTB1, an anti-proliferative factor, is a new direct target of miR-125b and we confirmed that CBFB, a transcription factor involved in hematopoiesis, is also targeted by miR-125b. MiR-125b controls apoptosis by down-regulating genes involved in the p53 pathway including BAK1 and TP53INP1. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that in a myeloid context, miR-125b is an oncomiR able to transform cell lines. miR-125b blocks myeloid differentiation in part by targeting CBFB, blocks apoptosis through down-regulation of multiple genes involved in the p53 pathway, and confers a proliferative advantage to human and mouse myeloid cell lines in part by targeting ABTB1.Leukemia & Lymphoma Society of AmericaNational Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH grant DK068348)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH grant 5P01 HL066105