¿El censor ineficaz? Una lectura histórico-jurídica del índice de libros prohibidos

Este breve ensayo discute el tópico del “incumplimiento” de las disposiciones en materia de censura de libros entre los siglos XVI y XVIII, uno de los lugares comunes de la historiografía sobre el tema. Se sostiene la inadecuación de la dicotomía “eficacia versus incumplimiento”, o del supuesto abismo entre “teoría y práctica”, tomando en consideración las características definitorias del orden jurídico de la época, marcado, entre otros elementos, por la apertura, la indeterminación, la flexibilidad o su carácter incompleto, que condicionaron tanto las prácticas sociales como la normativa vigenteThe failure to enforce the laws and enactments regarding book censorship between the 16th and the 18th centuries is a common topic of discussion among historians of the early modern period. This brief essay claims that the dichotomy between “enforcement” and “failure to enforce” falls short to analyze the social practices and the legislation regarding book censorship. The legal culture of the time was known by its indeterminacy, its openness and its flexibility – utterly distinct from today’s legal formalism. Therefore, these aspects should not only be taken into account but should orient any investigation on social practices and offi cial rules on the censorship of books in the early modern centurie

Nursing Students\u27 Knowledge of and Attitudes Towards Near-Death Experiences

Incidence of reported near-death experiences (NDEs) has increased over decades; however, they continue to be inappropriately pathologized or dismissed. These types of responses to disclosures of NDEs by patients can potentially lead to them having problems integrating the experience into their lives. The purpose of this study was to assess undergraduate nursing students’ levels of accurate knowledge of and attitudes towards NDEs and to determine the predictors of nursing students’ knowledge of and attitudes toward NDEs. Additionally, I explored the sources in which nursing students acquire NDE knowledge. I accomplished this by using a cross-sectional, correlational research study design. I obtained data from students enrolled in an undergraduate BSN program at a 4 year university using an online questionnaire to gather quantitative and qualitative data. I selected nursing students as the focus of this study due to the proximity and interaction these students will have with patients when they become nurses. Study participants had a low level of accurate NDE knowledge. In addition to the low knowledge level, just under two-thirds of participants could not identify at least one strategy to use when caring for patients who have or are suspected of having an NDE. The lack of sufficient knowledge and inability to identify appropriate strategies indicates a lack of preparedness to provide proper care to NDErs. Furthermore, participants had neutral to positive leaning attitudes towards NDEs. These positive leaning attitudes were evident in participants’ expressed desire to learn more about NDEs and their belief that the topic should be included in nursing education. The consensus among participants was a lack of formal education on NDEs within their nursing program. I concluded that the identified lack of preparedness has the potential to have a negative impact on patients’ NDE disclosures and overall care

Free three-valued Closure Lukasiewicz Algebras

In this paper, the structure of finitely generated free objects in the variety of three-valued closure Lukasiewicz algebras is determined. We describe their indecomposable factors and we give their cardinality.Fil: Abad, Manuel. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Matemática; ArgentinaFil: Díaz Varela, José Patricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Matemática Bahía Blanca. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Matemática. Instituto de Matemática Bahía Blanca; ArgentinaFil: Rueda, Laura Alicia. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Matemática; ArgentinaFil: Suardíaz, Ana María. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Matemática; Argentin

Los avatares de la paz. Por los senderos de la vida de Juan de la Cruz Varela

Este artículo se basa en las confrontaciones originadas por el conflicto de intereses políticos, sociales y económicos entre los campesinos y terratenientes de la región conocida como Sumapaz y Oriente del Tolima, en el centro colombiano. En particular, el artículo recoge la experiencia de vida de Juan de la Cruz Varela, desde 1928 hasta su fallecimiento en 1984, enfatizando en su papel como dirigente agrario, las ideas políticas que moldearon su pensamiento, su gestión en los cuerpos colegiados y las dificultades que debió sortear

Public policies to avoid social exclusion in Spain

[Resumo] Entre os obxectivos marcados pola Estratexia Europa 2020, un dos máis importantes é reducir en cando menos vinte millóns o grupo de persoas en situación de pobreza ou exclusión social. Ao respecto, en España articuláronse unha recomendación específica no Programa nacional de reformas e varios plans nacionais de acción para a inclusión social que perseguen a devandita finalidade a través da inclusión sociolaboral, o establecemento dun sistema de prestacións e a provisión de servizos básicos fundamentais. Neste traballo presentamos unha análise descritiva da pobreza e a exclusión social en España. Así, identificamos os novos grupos sociais vulnerables e os distintos ámbitos en que se ven afectados por medio da taxa AROPE, que permite estudar o colectivo de persoas excluídas por idade, sexo e ocupación. Por último, estúdanse os efectos das políticas sociais sobre a exclusión e a desigualdade social, alén de se explicar brevemente en que consiste a extrafiscalidade e cales son os factores excluíntes dos grandes impostos[Abstract] Among the objectives set by the Europe 2020 Strategy, one of the most important ones is the reduction of the number of individuals suffering from poverty and social exclusion by at least twenty million. In order to achieve this purpose, Spain has articulated a specific recommendation in the National Reform Programme, as well as several national action plans for social inclusion pursuing this goal through socio-occupational inclusion, the establishment of a benefit system, and the provision of essential basic services. This work presents a descriptive analysis of poverty and social exclusion in Spain. Thus, we identify new vulnerable social groups and the areas where they are affected through the AROPE indicator, which allows us to study the excluded group composition by age, sex and occupation. Finally, this work studies the effects of social policies on social exclusion and inequality, which partially explains the subject of extra-taxation and what the exclusive factors in the main taxes are

The Impact of Public Expenditures on Economic Growth in Two Very Different Countries: A comparative Analysis of Armenia and Spain

There is considerable controversy in the economic literature concerning whether particular government expenditures have an impact on economic growth. This study analyzes the macroeconomic magnitude of government expenditures in Armenia and Spain and evaluates whether there exists a causal relationship between government expenditures and economic growth and vice versa (Keynesian hypothesis and Wagner’s Law). The study employs VAR tests to analyze annual data for the years 1996-2014. Furthermore, by utilizing Granger causality tests, the study reveals whether the government expenditures are a significant factor in economic growth in short-term perspective. Finally, IRF and FEVD tests are applied to estimate the effect of a change in particular government expenditures on GDP for twelve year time horizon. This study validates the hypothesis that some public expenditures by the Armenian and Spanish public sectors positively contribute to the growth of their economies, while social protection is negatively related to GDP