Dodatki do żywności a ogólnie pojęte bezpieczeństwo.

Referat został zamieszczony w publikacji : "VII Seminarium Studenckie. Bezpieczeństwo w inżynierii procesowej.", 2017 r.W artykule zostały opisane dodatki do żywności oraz ich podział ze względu na zastosowanie technologiczne. Ponadto, zostaną omówione aspekty związane z niebezpieczeństwem stosowania wybranych dodatków do żywności. Do niebezpieczeństw tych zaliczono niebezpieczeństwo wynikające z samego procesu produkcji, takie jak przedawkowanie, niekontrolowany wyciek, zapylenie itp. Zostały omówione także wybrane zagadnienia z wpływu dodatków do żywności na zdrowie człowieka, w przypadku przedawkowania lub ich niedoboru. Na koniec tego artykułu omówiono metody zapobiegania nieumiejętnemu korzystaniu z dodatków do żywności oraz wyciągnięto wnioski

The ontogeny of knuckle-walking and dorsal metacarpal ridge prominence in chimpanzees

ObjectivesThis study examines the sensitivity of the development of the dorsal metacarpal ridge (DMR) to the frequency of knuckle-walking during ontogeny in chimpanzees, and compares the prevalence and prominence of the DMR in hominoids and baboons.Materials and MethodsWe characterized the type and frequency of quadrupedalism of wild chimpanzees of different ages from the Ngogo community, Uganda. Using museum specimens, we quantified third metacarpal DMR angle and height in Pan individuals of different developmental stages, and in adult Gorilla, Pongo, Hylobates, and Papio.ResultsWhen terrestrial, all quadrupedalism consisted of knuckle-walking, although older individuals knuckle-walked more than younger. The total amount of quadrupedalism engaged in by different age groups while arboreal was consistent; however, knuckle usage while arboreally quadrupedal increased with age. The DMR ridge did not emerge in Pan until older infancy, after the onset of knuckle-walking, and reached prominence by the juvenile stage. The DMR angle increased significantly after juvenility but relative height did not. Adult Pan and Gorilla have more prevalent and prominent DMRs than Papio; the DMR was rare in Pongo and absent in Hylobates.DiscussionThe timing of development of the DMR in chimpanzees supports it as a knuckle walking character, as does its occurrence in gorillas, and virtual absence in suspensory orangutans and gibbons. The DMR in baboons differs in appearance and frequency from DMRs in African apes, and so differentiates knuckle-walking from digitigrady in catarrhines. The relationship between the DMR and loading of a vertical hand while terrestrial deserves further study.The DMR of Papio, Pan, and Gorilla in medial (top) and dorsal (bottom) view. When present in Papio, the DMR is two separate ridges angled to the lateral and medial side (blue arrows). The DMR of African apes (Pan and Gorilla) presents as a continuous ridge from the medial to lateral edge of the distal dorsal metacarpal (blue arrows)Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/172283/1/ajpa24477.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/172283/2/ajpa24477_am.pd

The fishes of Bukwa, Uganda, a lower Miocene (Burdigalian) locality of East Africa

<p>Renewed research at the early Miocene fossil site of Bukwa in northeastern Uganda has resulted in new fossil finds, including fish, with representatives of two families, Cichlidae and Alestidae. Although the two families were previously briefly reported from Bukwa, we here give a more detailed account of the fishes based on newly collected material. The cichlid material, mainly composed of vertebrae, can be tentatively assigned to one or more species of Pseudocrenilabrinae. The alestid material, comprising a diversity of teeth, likely represents several different species of <i>Alestes, Brycinus</i>, and/or <i>Bryconaethiops</i>. Although the ichthyofaunal diversity of Bukwa is low, the fishes are important for indicating the paleoenvironment and hydrographic connections of Bukwa. The early Miocene was a critical time for African faunas, because it was during this time that the Afro-Arabian and Eurasian plates came into contact with one another, ending the long isolation of Africa, which, along with rifting in East Africa, created new terrestrial and hydrological connections allowing faunal interchanges. Bukwa is one of only a few African early Miocene localities known that sample fish and, based on these fish, the site probably represents an area of interconnected lakes and large rivers, including floodplains.</p> <p>SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/UJVP" target="_blank">www.tandfonline.com/UJVP</a></p> <p>Citation for this article: Murray, A. M., T. Argyriou, S. Cote, and L. MacLatchy. 2017. The fishes of Bukwa, Uganda, a lower Miocene (Burdigalian) locality of East Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2017.1324460.</p

Specimen size and porosity can introduce error into μCT-based tissue mineral density measurements. Trans 53rd Orthop Res Soc

The accurate measurement of tissue mineral density, ρ m , in specimens of unequal size or quantities of bone mineral using polychromatic μCT systems is important, since studies often compare samples with a range of sizes and bone densities. We assessed the influence of object size on μCT measurements of ρ m using (1) hydroxyapatite rods (HA), (2) precision-manufactured aluminum foams (AL) simulating trabecular bone structure, and (3) bovine cortical bone cubes (BCt). Two beam-hardening correction (BHC) algorithms, determined using a 200 and 1200 mg/cm 3 HA wedge phantom, were used to calculate ρ m of the HA and BCt. Introduction Measurement of equivalent bone tissue mineral density (ρ m ) using polychromatic planar radiography and computed tomography are established techniques whose precision, accuracy, and potential sources of error have been well studied [e.g., 1,2-6]. Polychromatic micro-computed (μCT) tomographic analyses of bone were originally focused only on structural assessments of trabecular and cortical bone tissue [7,8] and not measurements of ρ m . Recently, methods for the measurement of ρ m have been developed for polychromatic μCT and several studies have incorporated these techniques [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. However, only a few published studies of the precision and accuracy of μCT-based equivalent ρ m have been performed to date [23][24][25][26], in contrast to the numerous studies completed for clinical [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. The accuracy and precision of μCT-based measurements of ρ m can be affected by factors related to the scan settings, tissue samples, and scan artifacts. Recent studies have examined the influence of factors such as the X-ray tube voltage, current intensity, and sample dimensions [24,25,39,40]. Beam-hardening related artifacts such as streaking [41], dark banding [low attenuation spots between two higher density objects; [42][43][44]], cupping [26,45], as well as ring artifacts [41,46] can introduce errors in measured attenuation values. One topic of specific interest is the effect of sample dimensions or bone mass differences on the accurate measurement of ρ m since (1) object thickness (size) is known to impact linear X-ray attenuation independent of ρ m [1,42,44] and (2) a wide range of orthopedic and bone biology studies incorporate specimens of varying size or quantities of bone including animal models of osteoporosis (disease), bone biomechanics, bone tissue engineering, aging, and interspecies studies of bone structure and function [21,22,[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]. For polychromatic computed tomography X-ray systems, the measure

The evolution of hominoid locomotor versatility: Evidence from Moroto, a 21 Ma site in Uganda

Living hominoids are distinguished by upright torsos and versatile locomotion. It is hypothesized that these features evolved for feeding on fruit from terminal branches in forests. To investigate the evolutionary context of hominoid adaptive origins, multiple paleoenvironmental proxies were analyzed in conjunction with hominoid fossils from the Moroto II site, Uganda. The data indicate seasonally dry woodlands with the earliest evidence of abundant C4 grasses in Africa based on a confirmed age of 21 Ma. We demonstrate that the leafeating hominoid Morotopithecus consumed water-stressed vegetation, while postcrania from the site indicate ape-like locomotor adaptations. These findings suggest that the origin of hominoid locomotor versatility is associated with foraging on leaves in heterogeneous, open woodlands, rather than forests