Valorización de Enel Generación Perú S.A.A. (antes Edegel S.A.A.)

El presente documento tiene como objetivo estimar el valor fundamental de la acción de Enel Generación Perú S.A.A., empresa dedicada a la generación de energía en el Perú, que permita orientar al inversionista en la toma de decisiones relacionadas a la compra, venta o retención de la acción. Entre los principales supuestos empleados en la valorización, se encuentra el incremento de los ingresos sustentado en el crecimiento de la demanda de energía proyectada por el Comité de Operación Económica del Sistema Interconectado Nacional - COES. Esta mayor generación de ingresos, junto a la emisión de nueva deuda, permitiría cubrir las necesidades de inversión, considerando el desarrollo de nuevos proyectos energéticos destinados a incrementar su oferta. La valorización se efectúa a septiembre de 2016, habiéndose considerado un periodo de proyección de 10 años, una perpetuidad con una tasa de crecimiento de 2,2% y una tasa de descuento (WACC) de 9,09%. Los resultados de la valorización muestran un valor fundamental del patrimonio de S/ 8.878 millones, mayor al valor de mercado a septiembre de 2016 (S/ 8.101 millones). En valores relativos a la acción, según nuestros resultados, el valor fundamental es de S/ 3,07, mayor que la cotización de la acción publicada en la Bolsa de Valores de Lima -BVL para dicha fecha (S/ 2,80) por lo que se recomendaría “comprar” la acción. Por otro lado, se resalta que el valor fundamental se encontraría incluido en el rango estimado mediante el método alternativo de múltiplos (S/ 3,06 - S/ 3,43) y alineado a los valores de mercado estimados por las Sociedades Agentes de Bolsa - SAB (S/ 2,95; S/ 3,57 y S/ 3,75) lo que otorga mayor robustez a nuestra recomendación de compra

Glia and neurons from human iPSCs to address the pathology of Alzheimer´s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by presenting a complex pathology, not fully resolved yet. This fact, together with the lack of reliable models, has impeded the development of effective therapies. Recently, several studies have shown that functional glial cell defects have a key role in the pathology of AD. However, this glial dysfunction, currently, cannot be correctly modeled using the available animal models, so we hypothesized that cells derived from Alzheimer's patients can serve as a better platform for studying the disease. In this sense, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) allow the generation of different types of neural cells, which can be used for disease modeling, identification of new targets and drugs development. Methods: We have a collection of hiPSCs derived from patients with sporadic forms of AD stratified based on APOE genotype. We have differentiated these cells towards neural cells and mature them to neurons or astrocytes using a serum-free approach, to assess intrinsic differences between those derived from AD patients or healthy controls. Results: We have implemented a serum-free approach and generated neural precursors and astrocytes from all the lines tested. We observe differences at the phenotypic level and a reduced capacity to differentiate towards neural lineage in those lines derived from APOE4 carriers. Conclusions: Our preliminary data suggest intrinsic differences in the neural differentiation capacity between cell lines derived from APOE4 or APOE3 carrier subjects. Further experiments would contribute to elucidate novel pathogenic pathways associated with neurodegeneration and susceptible of therapeutic modulation, likely contributing to the development of new effective drugs against AD.This study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCiii) of Spain, co-financed by FEDER funds from European Union, through grants PI21/00915 (to AG) and PI21/00914 (to JV); by Junta de Andalucia through Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento grants UMA20-FEDERJA-048 (to JAGL), PY18-RT-2233 (to AG) and US-1262734 (to JV) co-financed by Programa Operativo FEDER 2014-2020, and Programa Operativo de Empleo Juvenil SNGJ4-11 to LCP. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Neurons and astrocytes derived from human iPSCs to model Alzheimer´s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by presenting a complex pathology, not fully resolved yet. This fact, together with the lack of reliable models, has impeded the development of effective therapies. Recently, several studies have shown that functional glial cell defects have a key role in the pathology of AD. However, this glial dysfunction, currently, cannot be correctly modeled using the available animal models, so we hypothesized that cells derived from Alzheimer's patients can serve as a better platform for studying the disease. In this sense, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) allow the generation of different types of neural cells, which can be used for disease modeling, identification of new targets and drugs development. Methods: We have a collection of hiPSCs derived from patients with sporadic forms of AD stratified based on APOE genotype. We have differentiated these cells towards neural cells and mature them to neurons or astrocytes using a serum-free approach, to assess intrinsic differences between those derived from AD patients or healthy controls. Results: We have implemented a serum-free approach and generated neural precursors and astrocytes from all the lines tested. We observe differences at the phenotypic level and a reduced capacity to differentiate towards neural lineage in those lines derived from APOE4 carriers. Conclusions: Our preliminary data suggest intrinsic differences in the neural differentiation capacity between cell lines derived from APOE4 or APOE3 carrier subjects. Further experiments would contribute to elucidate novel pathogenic pathways associated with neurodegeneration and susceptible of therapeutic modulation, likely contributing to the development of new effective drugs against AD.This study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCiii) of Spain, co-financed by FEDER funds from European Union, through grants PI21/00915 (to AG) and PI21/00914 (to JV); by Junta de Andalucia through Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento grants PY18-RT-2233 (to AG) and US-1262734 (to JV) co-financed by Programa Operativo FEDER 2014-2020, Consejeria de Salud grant PI-0276-2018 (to JAGL) and Programa Operativo de Empleo Juvenil SNGJ4-11 to LCP. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Arsenic remediation using a new magnetic system in potable aqueous samples.

Arsenic, one of the main environmental pollutants and potent natural poison, is a chemical element that is spread throughout the Earth's crust. It is well known that the toxicity of arsenic is highly dependent on its chemical forms. Generally, the inorganic species are more toxic than its organics forms, and As(III) is 60 times more toxic than As(V). In environmental waters, arsenic exists predominantly in two chemical forms: As(III) and As(V). In this work, a new magnetic solid phase extraction method based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled to graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with [1,5-bis (2-pyridyl) 3-sulfophenylmethylene] thiocarbonohydrazide M@GOPS was developed. The new system was based on the adsorption of As(III) and As(V) using M@GO-PS to revome them from natural waters. The As determination in the untreated and treated waters was realized by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS), because the high sensitivity of this technique. Today, Drinking Water Treatment Plants (DWTP) are unqualified to eliminate totally the As concentration in natural waters, and due to its toxicity is needed. In this work, the adsorption process of a recently patented magnetic material (M@GOPS) towards As (III) and As(V) has been studied. For this study, a drinkable water from Alcaucín, a village of Malaga, was contaminated with As in order to develop all the adsorption experiments. The kinetics of the process have been studied, showing a good approximation to the Langmuir's theoretical model. The magnetic adsorption procedure has shown a performance of 100% in less than 30 min for the elimination of As, with a dosage of 1 g/L of M@GO-PSTH in a potable water with an initial concentration of 0.01 g/mL of As.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Co-cultures between neurons and astrocytes to address Alzheimer´s disease pathology.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by presenting a complex pathology, not fully resolved yet. This fact, together with the lack of reliable models, has impeded the development of effective therapies. Recently, several studies have shown that functional glial cell defects have a key role in the pathology of AD. However, this glial dysfunction, currently, cannot be correctly modeled using the available animal models, so we hypothesized that cells derived from Alzheimer's patients can serve as a better platform for studying the disease. In this sense, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) allow the generation of different types of neural cells, which can be used for disease modeling, identification of new targets and drugs development. Methods: We have a collection of hiPSCs derived from patients with sporadic forms of AD stratified based on APOE genotype. We have differentiated these cells towards neural cells and mature them to neurons or astrocytes using a serum-free approach, to assess intrinsic differences between those derived from AD patients or healthy controls. Results: We have implemented a serum-free approach and generated neural precursors and astrocytes from all the lines tested. We observe differences at the phenotypic level and a reduced capacity to differentiate towards neural lineage in those lines derived from APOE4 carriers. Conclusions: Our preliminary data suggest intrinsic differences in the neural differentiation capacity between cell lines derived from APOE4 or APOE3 carrier subjects. Further experiments would contribute to elucidate novel pathogenic pathways associated with neurodegeneration and susceptible of therapeutic modulation, likely contributing to the development of new effective drugs against AD.This study was supported by ISCiii (Spain), co-financed by FEDER funds, through grants PI21/00915 (AG) and PI21/00914 (JV); by Junta de Andalucia through Consejería de Economía and Conocimiento grants UMA20-FEDERJA-048 (JAGL), PY18-RT-2233 (to AG) and US-1262734 (JV), co-financed by Programa Operativo FEDER 2014-2020, and SNGJ4-11 (LCP). Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Emulsion gels and oil-filled aerogels as curcumin carriers: Nanostructural characterization of gastrointestinal digestion products

Agar and κ-carrageenan emulsion gels and oil-filled aerogels were investigated as curcumin carriers and their structure and mechanical properties, as well as their structural changes upon in vitro gastrointestinal digestion were characterized. Agar emulsion gels presented stiffer behaviour, with smaller and more homogeneous oil droplets (ϕ ∼ 12 µm) than those from κ-carrageenan (ϕ ∼ 243 µm). The structure of κ-carrageenan gels was characterized by the presence of rigid swollen linear chains, while agar produced more branched networks. After simulated gastrointestinal digestion bile salt lamellae/micelles (∼5 nm) and larger vesicles of partially digested oil (Rg ∼ 20–50 nm) were the predominant structures, being their proportion dependent of the polysaccharide type and the physical state of the gel network. The presence of curcumin induced the formation of larger vesicles and limited the formation of mixed lamellae/micelles.The projects RTI2018-094268-B-C22 and RTI-2018-094268-B-C21 were funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. Cynthia Fontes-Candia is recipient of a pre-doctoral grant from CONACYT (MEX/Ref. 306680). Synchrotron experiments were performed at NCD beamline at ALBA Synchrotron (2019103981 project)

El hombre cabeza de familia en el derecho comparado

La razón principal de la presente investigación es la ausencia de estudios que se enfoquen en el desarrollo legal y jurisprudencial de la figura del Hombre Cabeza de Familia en Colombia, España, México y Argentina. Este tema ha trascendido a nivel internacional donde el derecho comparado juega un papel importante debido a que, se analiza la situación del hombre en Colombia respecto de otros países como México, España y Argentina con una cosmovisión fundamentada en la equidad de género. Es por esto que surge la siguiente problemática ¿Cuál ha sido el desarrollo legal y jurisprudencial a nivel nacional e internacional de la figura del hombre cabeza de familia a partir de 1991? El desarrollo y análisis de este estudio, conlleva grandes desafíos y cambios sociales, culturales y políticos en la sociedad, principalmente para el nuevo hombre del siglo XXI que cumple el rol de cabeza de familia, papel que solo se le ha reconocido a la mujer.The main reason for this research is the absence of studies that focus on the legal and jurisprudential development of the figure of the male head of the family in Colombia, Spain, Mexico and Argentina. This issue has transcended internationally where comparative law plays an important role because the situation of men in Colombia is analyzed with respect to other countries such as Mexico, Spain and Argentina with a worldview based on gender equity. This is why the following problem arises. What has been the legal and jurisprudential development at the national and international level of the figure of the male head of the family since 1991? The development and analysis of this study entails great challenges and social, cultural and political changes in society, mainly for the new man of the 21st century who fulfills the role of head of the family, a role that has only been recognized for women.1. Introducción. -- 2. Planteamiento del problema. -- 3. Formulación del problema. -- 4. Justificación. -- 5. Objetivos. -- 6. Objetivo general. -- 7. Objetivos específicos. -- 8. Antecedentes. -- 9. Introducción a la familia. -- 10. Familia en España. -- 11. Familia en México. -- 12. Familia en Argentina. -- 13 Familia en Colombia. -- 14. Marco teórico. -- 15. Marco legal colombiano -- 16. Constitución política de Colombia. -- 17. Leyes. -- 18. Código sustantivo del trabajo. -- 19. Jurisprudencia. -- 20. Marco conceptual. -- 21. Igualdad de género. -- 22. Equidad de género. -- 23. Principio de igualdad. -- 24 Principio de la no discriminación. -- 25. Familia. -- 26. Mujer cabeza de familia. -- 27. Jefe de hogar. -- 28. Jefatura femenina del hogar. -- 29. Padre/hombre cabeza de familia. -- 30. Pronunciamientos de las altas cortes en Colombia. -- 31. El hombre cabeza de familia en el derecho comparado. -- 32 Estado federal de México. -- 33. Jefatura del hogar: estadística. -- 34. España. -- 35. Argentina 36. Situación sociodemográfica. -- 37. El hombre cabeza de familia en el siglo XXI. -- 38. Metodología. -- 39. Procedimiento. -- 40. Instrumentos. -- 41. Conclusiones. -- 42. Bibliografía

Characterization of the aerobic bacterial community in leeches Haementeria sp (Hirudinea : Glossiphoniidae) y Oxytychus ornatus (Hirudinea : Macrobdellidae) de El Bagre, Antioquia

ABSTRACT: Therapeutic use of leeches (hyrudotherapy) has increased, and it has been shown that they can transmit bacteria associated with infections in 20% of patients. Two species of leeches have been found in Antioquia, Colombia, apparently promising for such therapy. This study was done to identify bacteria in the surface, mouth and intestine of these species and to test the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates. The studied species were Haementeria sp., and Oxytychus ornatus. Specimens were obtained from their surface, mouth and intestine. Blood agar, blood agar with ampicillin, and eosine-methylene blue agar were used as culture media. Identification and sensitivity tests were carried out with the Vitek (Biomerieux®) automated method. A total of 26 isolates was obtained belonging to 12 species and nine genera. Isolates were sensitive to the commonly used antibiotics. We suggest to do antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing hyrudotherapy, and to implement standardized protocols to disinfect the animals before use and for the cleaning of the aquarium where they are kept.RESUMEN: Se ha incrementado el uso terapéutico de las sanguijuelas y se ha demostrado que ellas pueden inocular bacterias causantes de infecciones en el 20% de los pacientes. El hallazgo en Antioquia de dos especies de sanguijuelas promisorias para hirudoterapia motivó este estudio para identificar las bacterias en la superficie, la probóscide y el intestino de estos anélidos y evaluar su sensibilidad a antibióticos. Las sanguijuelas estudiadas se identificaron como Haementeria sp., y Oxytychus ornatus. Muestras de la superficie, boca e intestino de ambos anélidos se inocularon en agar sangre, agar sangre con ampicilina y agar eosina azul de metileno. La identificación de las bacterias y su sensibilidad a antibióticos se evaluaron por el método automatizado Vitek (Biomerieux®). Se hicieron en total 26 aislamientos pertenecientes a 12 especies de nueve géneros. Enterobacter cloacae fue la especie más frecuente en ambos anélidos. Las bacterias fueron sensibles a los antibióticos comúnmente empleados en las infecciones causadas por este tipo de microorganismos. Se sugiere hacer profilaxis con antibióticos en los pacientes que reciban terapia con los anélidos investigados e implementar los protocolos estandarizados para el lavado de los animales antes de su uso y para el aseo de los acuarios en donde se los mantenga

Mitochondrial ultrastructural defects in reactive astrocytes of Alzheimer's mice hippocampus.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative condition that causes progressive memory loss and dementia. In AD brains astrocyte become reactive potentially contributing to cognitive decline. Astrocyte reactivity is a highly complex phenomenon with remarkable morphologic and molecular phenotype changes, and the role of astrocytes in the development of AD is still unknown. Astrocytes are the prevalent glial cells in the brain and have a large number of functions aimed at maintaining brain homeostasis including regulation of brain energy metabolism, maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, ion homeostasis, synaptic activity and plasticity, among many other functions. Any disruption regarding the normal roles of astrocytes can result in morphological and functional changes that ensue in pathological consequences. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an early event in the pathogenesis of AD, although most studies have focused on neurons and little is known about the functional characteristics and the dynamics of astrocyte mitochondria. We had performed an ultrastructural analysis using transmission electron microscopy in the hippocampus of amyloidogenic (APP/PS1) and tauopathy (P301S) mice. Our results show structural alterations in mitochondria that include double membrane rupture, cristae loss, and fragmentation together with a loss of their circularity. Since mitochondrial morphology is directly related to mitochondrial fusion/fission processes, the ultrastructural changes observed in astrocyte mitochondria in these amyloidogenic and tauopathy models suggest dynamic abnormalities in these organelles that may lead to deficits in astroglial function compromising their capability to maintain brain homeostasis and support neuronal energy metabolism and survival. A better understanding of cell type-specific mitochondrial dysfunction as a pathological feature of AD might hold great potential for the exploration of novel molecular targets for therapeutic development.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Adipose tissue as a therapeutic target for vascular damage in Alzheimer's disease

Adipose tissue has recently been recognized as an important endocrine organ that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and in the immune response in many metabolic tissues. With this regard, emerging evidence indicates that an important crosstalk exists between the adipose tissue and the brain. However, the contribution of adipose tissue to the development of age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, remains poorly defined. New studies suggest that the adipose tissue modulates brain function through a range of endogenous biologically active factors known as adipokines, which can cross the blood–brain barrier to reach the target areas in the brain or to regulate the function of the blood–brain barrier. In this review, we discuss the effects of several adipokines on the physiology of the blood–brain barrier, their contribution to the development of Alzheimer's disease and their therapeutic potential.Funding for open access charge; Universidad de Málaga / CBU