KTa0.6Nb0.4O3 Ferroelectric Thin Film Behavior at Microwave Frequencies for Tunable Applications

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Pulsed laser deposited KNbO3_3 thin films for applications in high frequency range

Potassium niobate thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition on various substrates. Influence of deposition conditions on film characteristics was studied. Structural investigation evidenced that single phase polycrystalline randomly oriented films were grown on sintered alumina whereas epitaxial films were grown on (100)SrTiO$_3$ and (100)MgO substrates. The microstructure was highly controlled by the structural characteristics. Interdigited capacitors built from KNbO3 films on two different substrates (alumina and MgO) showed the strong influence of the structural characteristics on the dielectric behavior. The variation of the equivalent capacitance measured on the interdigital capacitor on MgO was 6.4% at 2.5 GHz while it was 1.5% on alumina, in both cases for a moderate applied field of $\sim$15 kV cm$^{-1}$. The results show the potentiality of these ferroelectric materials for use in frequency agile microwave electronics

3D Ray Tracing Solver for Communication Blackout Analysis in Atmospheric Entry Missions

During the atmospheric entry phase at hypersonic speed, the radio communication from/to a space vehicle can be disrupted due to the formation of a plasma sheath within the surrounding flow field. In order to characterize such communication blackout phases, this work presents a numerical methodology combining Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations of ionized chemically reacting entry flows by means of Computational Object-Oriented Libraries for Fluid Dynamics (COOLFluiD) and a ray tracing analysis by means of the newly developed BlackOut RAy Tracer (BORAT). The latter is based on the numerical solution of the 3D Eikonal system of equations, offering a fast, efficient and accurate method to analyse the interaction between electromagnetic signals and weakly ionised plasmas. The proposed methodology, and BORAT in particular, is first verified on popular benchmark cases and then used to analyse the European Space Agency (ESA) 2016 ExoMars Schiaparelli entry flight into Martian environment. The corresponding results demonstrate the validity of the proposed ray tracing approach for predicting communication blackout, where signals emitted from the on-board antenna undergo reflection and refraction from the plasma surrounding the entry vehicle, and the advantage of a 3D approach for analysing real flight configuration

Intercomparison of Permittivity Measurement Techniques for Ferroelectric Thin Layers

International audienceThe dielectric properties of a KTa0.65Nb0.35O3 (KTN) ferroelectric composition for a submicronic thin layer were measured in the microwave domain using different electromagnetic characterization methods. Complementary experimental techniques (broadband methods versus resonant techniques, waveguide versus transmission line) and complementary data processing procedures (quasi-static theoretical approaches versus full-wave analysis) were selected to investigate the best way to characterize ferroelectric thin films. The measured data obtained from the cylindrical resonant cavity method, the experimental method that showed the least sources of uncertainty, were taken as reference values for comparisons with results obtained using broadband techniques. The error analysis on the methods used is discussed with regard to the respective domains of validity for each method; this enabled us to identify the best experimental approach for obtaining an accurate determination of the microwave dielectric properties of ferroelectric thin layers

A Magnetohydrodynamic enhanced entry system for space transportation: MEESST

This paper outlines the initial development of a novel magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) plasma control system which aims at mitigating shock-induced heating and the radio-frequency communication blackout typically encountered during (re-)entry into planetary atmospheres. An international consortium comprising universities, SMEs, research institutions, and industry has been formed in order to develop this technology within the MEESST project. The latter is funded by the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) program of the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 scheme (grant no. 899298). Atmospheric entry imposes one of the harshest environments which a spacecraft can experience. The combination of hypersonic velocities and the rapid compression of atmospheric particles by the spacecraft leads to high-enthalpy, partially ionised gases forming around the vehicle. This inhibits radio communications and induces high thermal loads on the spacecraft surface. For the former problem, spacecraft can sometimes rely on satellite constellations for communicating through the plasma wake and therefore preventing the blackout. On the other hand, expensive, heavy, and non-reusable thermal protection systems (TPS) are needed to dissipate the severe thermal loads. Such TPS can represent up to 30% of an entry vehicles weight, and especially for manned missions they can reduce the cost- efficiency by sacrificing payload mass. Such systems are also prone to failure, putting the lives of astronauts at risk. The use of electromagnetic fields to exploit MHD principles has long been considered as an attractive solution for tackling the problems described above. By pushing the boundary layer of the ionized gas layer away from the spacecraft, the thermal loads can be reduced, while also opening a magnetic window for radio communications and mitigating the blackout phenomenon. The application of this MHD-enabled system has previously not been demonstrated in realistic conditions due to the required large magnetic fields (on the order of Tesla or more), which for conventional technologies would demand exceptionally heavy and power-hungry electromagnets. High-temperature superconductors (HTS) have reached a level of industrial maturity sufficient for them to act as a key enabling technology for this application. Thanks to superior current densities, HTS coils can offer the necessary low weight and compactness required for space applications, with the ability to generate the strong magnetic fields needed for entry purposes. This paper provides an overview of the MEESST project, including its goals, methodology and some preliminary design considerations

A Magnetohydrodynamic enhanced entry system for space transportation: MEESST

This paper outlines the initial development of a novel magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) plasma control system which aims at mitigating shock-induced heating and the radio-frequency communication blackout typically encountered during (re-)entry into planetary atmospheres. An international consortium comprising universities, SMEs, research institutions, and industry has been formed in order to develop this technology within the MEESST project. The latter is funded by the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) program of the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 scheme (grant no. 899298). Atmospheric entry imposes one of the harshest environments which a spacecraft can experience. The combination of hypersonic velocities and the rapid compression of atmospheric particles by the spacecraft leads to high-enthalpy, partially ionised gases forming around the vehicle. This inhibits radio communications and induces high thermal loads on the spacecraft surface. For the former problem, spacecraft can sometimes rely on satellite constellations for communicating through the plasma wake and therefore preventing the blackout. On the other hand, expensive, heavy, and non-reusable thermal protection systems (TPS) are needed to dissipate the severe thermal loads. Such TPS can represent up to 30% of an entry vehicles weight, and especially for manned missions they can reduce the cost- efficiency by sacrificing payload mass. Such systems are also prone to failure, putting the lives of astronauts at risk. The use of electromagnetic fields to exploit MHD principles has long been considered as an attractive solution for tackling the problems described above. By pushing the boundary layer of the ionized gas layer away from the spacecraft, the thermal loads can be reduced, while also opening a magnetic window for radio communications and mitigating the blackout phenomenon. The application of this MHD-enabled system has previously not been demonstrated in realistic conditions due to the required large magnetic fields (on the order of Tesla or more), which for conventional technologies would demand exceptionally heavy and power-hungry electromagnets. High-temperature superconductors (HTS) have reached a level of industrial maturity sufficient for them to act as a key enabling technology for this application. Thanks to superior current densities, HTS coils can offer the necessary low weight and compactness required for space applications, with the ability to generate the strong magnetic fields needed for entry purposes. This paper provides an overview of the MEESST project, including its goals, methodology and some preliminary design considerations

Contribution à la réalisation de circuits hyperfréquences reconfigurables à partir de couches minces ferroélectriques : des matériaux aux dispositifs

This PhD thesis concerns the realization of tunable microwave functions using KTa1-xNbxO3 (KTN) thin films developed at the Unité Sciences Chimiques in Rennes.Our research work began by developing a thin film characterization method whose measurement conditions were very close to those of our future circuits. The analyses of KTN thin films deposited on different substrates highlighted the strong influence of the chosen substrate on the microwave dielectric properties of KTN.Thereafter, we realized several sets of demonstrators (interdigital capcitors and stub resonators) with the aim to evaluate the potential of KTN thin films for the realization of microwave agile devices. Numerous substrates and KTN compositions were studied to identify the couple which presents the most interesting performances. KTa0,5Nb0,5O3 thin films deposited on sapphire appeared to be the most promising couple and had been privileged for our future realizations.Afterwards, new systems of measurement were developed to enable the application of high bias voltages. Several type of circuits were then realized and measured: reflection- and transmission-type capacitors, stop-band and pass-band resonators, phase-shifters and filters. Taken as a whole, measured performances demonstrate the high agility potential of KTN-based circuits. On the other hand, insertion losses are even too elevated. Chemical and electronic research leads to improve the performances of these devices are very promising and let us hope, at mid-term, a possible integration of our agile devices in multistandards front-ends.Cette thèse porte sur l'élaboration de fonctions hyperfréquences accordables à base de couches minces ferroélectriques KTa1-xNbxO3 (KTN) développées à l'Unité Sciences Chimiques de Rennes 1.Notre travail a débuté par la mise au point d'une méthode de caractérisation adaptée à des couches d'épaisseur très faible dans des conditions de mesure proches de celles de nos futurs dispositifs. L'analyse de couches minces KTN déposées sur des substrats différents a mis en évidence une forte influence du substrat sur les propriétés diélectriques hautes fréquences de KTN.Par la suite, nous avons réalisé plusieurs séries de démonstrateurs (capacités interdigitées et résonateurs stub) afin de tester le potentiel des couches minces KTN pour l'accordabilité en hautes fréquences. De nombreux substrats et compositions KTN ont été étudiés afin d'identifier le couple présentant les performances les plus intéressantes. Les couches minces de KTa0,5Nb0,5O3 déposées sur saphir se sont avérées les plus prometteuses et ont été privilégiées pour la suite de nos travaux.Puis, de nouveaux systèmes de mesure ont été mis en place pour permettre l'application de tensions de commande importantes. Plusieurs types de circuits ont alors été réalisés puis mesurés dont des capacités variables en transmission et en réflexion, des résonateurs de type coupe-bande et passe-bande, des déphaseurs et des filtres. Globalement, les performances obtenues démontrent le très fort potentiel des dispositifs utilisant des couches minces KTN en terme d'agilité. Par contre, les pertes d'insertion observées sont pour l'instant trop élevées. Les pistes actuellement explorées pour l'amélioration des performances de ces dispositifs, tant sur le plan de la réalisation des couches que de la conception des circuits, sont très prometteuses et laissent présager, à moyen terme, une intégration possible de ces dispositifs au sein de front-end multistandards

Measurement of the microwave effective permittivity in tensile-strained polyvinylidene difluoride trifluoroethylene filled with graphene

International audienceWe report an interesting effect in the form of a rise (up to 13%) in the permittivity of graphene (GE) filled polyvinylidene difluoride trifluoroethylene (P(VDF-TrFE)) subjected to a small uniaxial deformation (up to 7% in the principal direction). Our findings differ from GE-PVDF homopolymer samples that show a decrease of permittivity upon elongation. We argue that the VDF content which controls the spontaneous polarization has a profound effect on the charge storage through the addition of interface density by the GE phas

Composites-based microwave absorbers: Toward a unified model

International audienc