Le plafond de verre dans l’administration, enjeux et démarches de changement

Le problème des inégalités entre les hommes et les femmes dans les administrations n’a pas encore, en France, reçu toute l’attention qu’il mérite. Certes, des recherches importantes ont été menées (notamment par certaines des contributrices à ce numéro), mais la question des rapports de genre dans l’administration ne bénéficie pas, aujourd’hui, d’une légitimité scientifique à la mesure l’importance des enjeux auxquels elle correspond, aussi bien du point de vue du management public que de l’a..

Pulsed electromagnetic energy treatment offers no clinical benefit in reducing the pain of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review

Background The rehabilitation of knee osteoarthritis often includes electrotherapeutic modalities as well as advice and exercise. One commonly used modality is pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF). PEMF uses electro magnetically generated fields to promote tissue repair and healing rates. Its equivocal benefit over placebo treatment has been previously suggested however recently a number of randomised controlled trials have been published that have allowed a systematic review to be conducted. Methods A systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 2005 was undertaken. Relevant computerised bibliographic databases were searched and papers reviewed independently by two reviewers for quality using validated criteria for assessment. The key outcomes of pain and functional disability were analysed with weighted and standardised mean differences being calculated. Results Five randomised controlled trials comparing PEMF with placebo were identified. The weighted mean differences of the five papers for improvement in pain and function, were small and their 95% confidence intervals included the null. Conclusion This systematic review provides further evidence that PEMF has little value in the management of knee osteoarthritis. There appears to be clear evidence for the recommendation that PEMF does not significantly reduce the pain of knee osteoarthritis

Impact of donor lung quality on post-transplant recipient outcome in the Lung Allocation Score era in Eurotransplant - a historical prospective study

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an impact of donation rates on the quality of lungs used for transplantation and whether donor lung quality affects post-transplant outcome in the current LAS era. All consecutive adult LTx performed in Eurotransplant (ET) between January 2012 and December 2016 were included (N=3053). Donors used for LTx in countries with high donation rate were younger (42% vs. 33% ≤ 45 years, p<0.0001), were less often smokers (35% vs. 46%, p<0.0001), had more often clear chest X-rays (82% vs. 72%, p<0.0001), had better donor oxygenation ratio's (20% vs. 26% with PaO /FiO ≤ 300 mmHg, p<0.0001) and had better lung donor score values (LDS) (28% vs. 17% with LDS=6, p<0.0001) compared to donors used for LTx in countries with low donation rate. Survival rates for the groups LDS =6 and ≥7 at 5 years were 69.7% and 60.9% (p=0.007). Lung donor quality significantly impacts on long-term patient survival. Countries with a low donation rate are more oriented to using donor lungs with a lesser quality compared to countries with a high donation rate. Instead of further stretching donor eligibility criteria, the full potential of the donor pool should be realized

The genetic basis of endometriosis and comorbidity with other pain and inflammatory conditions

Endometriosis is a common condition associated with debilitating pelvic pain and infertility. A genome-wide association study meta-analysis, including 60,674 cases and 701,926 controls of European and East Asian descent, identified 42 genome-wide significant loci comprising 49 distinct association signals. Effect sizes were largest for stage 3/4 disease, driven by ovarian endometriosis. Identified signals explained up to 5.01% of disease variance and regulated expression or methylation of genes in endometrium and blood, many of which were associated with pain perception/maintenance (SRP14/BMF, GDAP1, MLLT10, BSN and NGF). We observed significant genetic correlations between endometriosis and 11 pain conditions, including migraine, back and multisite chronic pain (MCP), as well as inflammatory conditions, including asthma and osteoarthritis. Multitrait genetic analyses identified substantial sharing of variants associated with endometriosis and MCP/migraine. Targeted investigations of genetically regulated mechanisms shared between endometriosis and other pain conditions are needed to aid the development of new treatments and facilitate early symptomatic intervention

Lung allocation score: The Eurotransplant model versus the revised US model - a cross-sectional study

Both Eurotransplant (ET) and the US use the lung allocation score (LAS) to allocate donor lungs. In 2015, the US implemented a new algorithm for calculating the score while ET has fine-tuned the original model using business rules. A comparison of both models in a contemporary patient cohort was performed. The rank positions and the correlation between both scores were calculated for all patients on the active waiting list in ET. On February 6th 2017, 581 patients were actively listed on the lung transplant waiting list. The median LAS values were 32.56 and 32.70 in ET and the US, respectively. The overall correlation coefficient between both scores was 0.71. Forty-three per cent of the patients had a < 2 point change in their LAS. US LAS was more than two points lower for 41% and more than two points higher for 16% of the patients. Median ranks and the 90th percentiles for all diagnosis groups did not differ between both scores. Implementing the 2015 US LAS model would not significantly alter the current waiting list in ET

The genetic basis of endometriosis and comorbidity with other pain and inflammatory conditions

Endometriosis is a common condition associated with debilitating pelvic pain and infertility. A genome-wide association study meta-analysis, including 60,674 cases and 701,926 controls of European and East Asian descent, identified 42 genome-wide significant loci comprising 49 distinct association signals. Effect sizes were largest for stage 3/4 disease, driven by ovarian endometriosis. Identified signals explained up to 5.01% of disease variance and regulated expression or methylation of genes in endometrium and blood, many of which were associated with pain perception/maintenance (SRP14/BMF, GDAP1, MLLT10, BSN and NGF). We observed significant genetic correlations between endometriosis and 11 pain conditions, including migraine, back and multisite chronic pain (MCP), as well as inflammatory conditions, including asthma and osteoarthritis. Multitrait genetic analyses identified substantial sharing of variants associated with endometriosis and MCP/migraine. Targeted investigations of genetically regulated mechanisms shared between endometriosis and other pain conditions are needed to aid the development of new treatments and facilitate early symptomatic intervention

Les politiques des entreprises en matière de plafond de verre

This article discusses the issue of the glass ceiling within organizations in France. First, it refers to some estimates regarding the situation of women in management and managerial teams; second, it highlights some of the main conclusions of research conducted in France on this issue; third, it considers the policies implemented to overcome this situation; and, fourth and lastly, it brings out some prospects for developing action strategies to eliminate the glass ceiling. Although organizations are the locus of meritocratic recognition where better trained women are gaining access to an increasing number of qualified positions, they are also places where power relations and informal, often unequal, processes which determine access to positions of power are structured. Organizational rules that claim to be neutral are in fact based on male models. As regards women, it is important to consider how their attitudes and behaviours develop in response to these organizational environments, as well as the diversity of these responses. Organizational approaches to women’s careers and access to positions of responsibility are in line with all the policies of occupational equality and diversity which, for a decade, have been developing in an increasing number of organizations, and in particular large organizations, under a legal framework that is largely defined on the basis of the European Community framework.L’objectif du présent article est de rendre compte de la question du plafond de verre dans les entreprises dans le contexte français, d’abord en rappelant quelques éléments de diagnostic chiffré quant à la situation des femmes dans l’encadrement et les équipes dirigeantes, en soulignant ensuite certaines des principales conclusions des recherches conduites en France sur cette question, puis en envisageant les politiques mises en oeuvre visant à dépasser cette situation, et enfin en soulignant quelques perspectives d’évolution quant aux stratégies d’action pour dépasser le plafond de verre. Si les organisations constituent des lieux de reconnaissance méritocratique où des femmes de mieux en mieux formées accèdent en nombre croissant à des professions qualifiées, elles sont aussi ces lieux où se structurent les relations de pouvoir et les processus informels, souvent inégalitaires, qui déterminent l’accès aux postes de pouvoir. Des règles organisationnelles qui se donnent comme neutres se sont en fait calquées sur des modèles masculins. En ce qui concerne les femmes ellesmêmes, on doit considérer comment s’élaborent leurs attitudes et leurs comportements en réponse à ces environnements organisationnels, ainsi que la diversité de ces réponses. Les démarches des entreprises en matière de carrière et d’accès des femmes à des postes de responsabilité s’inscrivent dans l’ensemble des politiques d’égalité professionnelle et de diversité qui, depuis une décennie, se sont développées dans un nombre croissant d’entreprises, et en particulier de grandes entreprises, dans un cadre juridique très largement défini à partir du cadre communautaire européen.Laufer Jacqueline. Les politiques des entreprises en matière de plafond de verre. In: Santé, Société et Solidarité, n°1, 2008. De l’égalité de droit à l’égalité de fait : Françaises et Québécoises entre législation et réalité. pp. 49-57

L'égalité professionnelle entre les hommes et les femmes est-elle soluble dans la diversité ?

Depuis quelques années, on constate en France et en Europe des progrès dans le domaine de l'égalité professionnelle entre les hommes et les femmes. Parallèlement, un débat s'est développé sur la question de la « diversité », dans la société et dans l'entre­prise. De nombreuses entreprises ont affiché une volonté de se mobiliser sur ces questions mais la façon de le faire suggère l'existence d'une certaine incertitude sur la manière d'articuler démarches d'égalité professionnelle et de diversité. Dans cette confrontation entre politiques d'égalité profession­nelle et de diversité, plusieurs types d'enjeux apparaissent. En effet, il apparaît que la différence de sexe n'est pas une diversité « comme les autres » et la démultiplication des catégories de la « diversité » peut conduire à une situation où le caractère trans­versal et universel du principe d'égalité, et notamment de l'égalité entre les sexes, peut perdre de son acuité. Ainsi, plus l'égalité se développe dans le sens d'une prise en compte de la diversité, plus il devient nécessaire d'en rappeler les « exi­gences » en particulier dans le contexte de l'emploi où, comme nous l'avons souligné, il y a des motifs de s'inquiéter de la « fragilité » du principe d'égalité