Money and the English Economy in the Welfth and Thirteenth Centuries

Cataloged from PDF version of article.The subject of money is of clear importance to the history of the English economy in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and has attracted a considerable literature over the past decades. The author surveys the main strands of this work, dealing with the coinage itself, its production and quantity, its distribution and use, whether money can be equated with the coinage, and the question of credit. The article then goes on to deal with the debates on two important issues involving money in the period, the questions of inflation and commercialization, and suggests ways in which they should be taken forward

Holocene Climatic Change in the Central United States Inferred from Paleoecological Data.

The Holocene in the central U.S. is the period of time since the retreat of the last continental ice sheets. It has been a 10,000 year period of climate variability. In North America, Holocene climatic fluctuations have been detected in the paleoenvironmental record of the central United States. The most evident climactic fluctuation has been the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum, or Altithermal. The Altithermal provided the warmest and driest post-glacial climatic conditions which lasted from ca. 8500-4000 years B.P

On detecting CP violation in a single neutrino oscillation channel at very long baselines

We propose a way of detecting CP violation in a single neutrino oscillation channel at very long baselines (on the order of several thousands of kilometers), given precise knowledge of the smallest mass-squared difference. It is shown that CP violation can be characterized by a shift in $L/E$ of the peak oscillation in the $\nu_e$--$\nu_\mu$ appearance channel, both in vacuum and in matter. In fact, matter effects enhance the shift at a fixed energy. We consider the case in which sub-GeV neutrinos are measured with varying baseline and also the case of a fixed baseline. For the varied baseline, accurate knowledge of the absolute neutrino flux would not be necessary; however, neutrinos must be distinguishable from antineutrinos. For the fixed baseline, it is shown that CP violation can be distinguished if the mixing angle $\theta_{13}$ were known.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures; minor typos correcte

Using Network Analysis to Understand Knowledge Mobilization in a Community-based Organization

Background Knowledge mobilization (KM) has been described as putting research in the hands of research users. Network analysis is an empirical approach that has potential for examining the complex process of knowledge mobilization within community-based organizations (CBOs). Yet, conducting a network analysis in a CBO presents challenges. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the value and feasibility of using network analysis as a method for understanding knowledge mobilization within a CBO by (1) presenting challenges and solutions to conducting a network analysis in a CBO, (2) examining the feasibility of our methodology, and (3) demonstrating the utility of this methodology through an example of a network analysis conducted in a CBO engaging in knowledge mobilization activities. Method The final method used by the partnership team to conduct our network analysis of a CBO is described. Results An example of network analysis results of a CBO engaging in knowledge mobilization is presented. In total, 81 participants completed the network survey. All of the feasibility benchmarks set by the CBO were met. Results of the network analysis are highlighted and discussed as a means of identifying (1) prominent and influential individuals in the knowledge mobilization process and (2) areas for improvement in future knowledge mobilization initiatives. Conclusion Findings demonstrate that network analysis can be feasibly used to provide a rich description of a CBO engaging in knowledge mobilization activities

Vacuum-UV negative photoion spectroscopy of CH3F, CH3Cl and CH3Br

Using tunable vacuum-UV radiation from a synchrotron, negative ions are detected by quadrupolar mass spectrometry following photoexcitation of three gaseous halogenated methanes CH$_3$X (X = F,Cl,Br). The anions X$^-$, H$^-$, CX$^-$, CHX$^-$ and CH$_2$X$^-$ are observed, and their ion yields recorded in the range 8-35 eV. The anions show a linear dependence of signal with pressure, showing that they arise from unimolecular ion-pair dissociation, generically described as AB + h$v$ $\rightarrow$ A$^-$ + B$^+$ (+ neutrals). Absolute cross sections for ion-pair formation are obtained by calibrating the signal intensities with those of F$^-$ from both SF$_6$ and CF$_4$. The cross sections for formation of X$^-$ + CH$_3$$^+$ are much greater than for formation of CH$_2$X$^-$ + H$^+$. In common with many quadrupoles, the spectra of $m$/$z$ 1 (H$^-$) anions show contributions from all anions, and only for CH$_3$Br is it possible to perform the necessary subtraction to obtain the true H$^-$ spectrum. The anion cross sections are normalised to vacuum-UV absorption cross sections to obtain quantum yields for their production. The appearance energies of X$^-$ and CH$_2$X$^-$ are used to calculate upper limits to 298 K bond dissociation energies for D$^o$ (H$_3$C-X) and D$^o$ (XH$_2$C-H) which are consistent with literature values. The spectra suggest that most of the anions are formed indirectly by crossing of Rydberg states of the parent molecule onto an ion-pair continuum. The one exception is the lowest-energy peak of F$^-$ from CH$_3$F at 13.4 eV, where its width and lack of structure suggest it may correspond to a direct ion-pair transition

Neutrino oscillations: measuring θ13\theta_{13} including its sign

In neutrino phenomenology, terms in the oscillation probabilities linear in $\sin \theta_{13}$ lead naturally to the question ``How can one measure $\theta_{13}$ including its sign?'' Here we demonstrate analytically and with a simulation of neutrino data that ${\mathcal P}_{e\mu}$ and {\mathcal {P}_{\mu\mu} at $L/E = 2\pi/\Delta_{21}$ exhibit significant linear dependence on $\theta_{13}$ in the limit of vacuum oscillations. Measurements at this particular value of $L/E$ can thus determine not only $\theta_{13}$ but also its sign, if CP violation is small.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

Local forest structure variability increases resilience to wildfire in dry western U.S. coniferous forests.

A 'resilient' forest endures disturbance and is likely to persist. Resilience to wildfire may arise from feedback between fire behaviour and forest structure in dry forest systems. Frequent fire creates fine-scale variability in forest structure, which may then interrupt fuel continuity and prevent future fires from killing overstorey trees. Testing the generality and scale of this phenomenon is challenging for vast, long-lived forest ecosystems. We quantify forest structural variability and fire severity across >30 years and >1000 wildfires in California's Sierra Nevada. We find that greater variability in forest structure increases resilience by reducing rates of fire-induced tree mortality and that the scale of this effect is local, manifesting at the smallest spatial extent of forest structure tested (90 × 90 m). Resilience of these forests is likely compromised by structural homogenisation from a century of fire suppression, but could be restored with management that increases forest structural variability

Rebellion in south-western England and the Welsh marches, 1215-17

This study attempts a reassessment of the rebellion of 1215-17 in two regions: south-western England and the Welsh marches. After examining the historiography of the 1215-17 conflict and some problems with the evidence, the article deals with the two regions in turn. In the first, the rebellion is found to be somewhat stronger than has been appreciated and to be, to a considerable extent, one of local county communities, rather than of great barons. In the second, the rebellion is seen as much stronger than it has been portrayed, although here the great rebel barons play a significant role. In both regions, the rebellion appears as one directed against an exploitative and intrusive central government and its aggressive curial servants, while also, in the outcome of the rebellion, a degree of common interest between the rebels and baronial loyalists is suggested. Overall, although there are some contrasts between the two regions, the study stresses the elements of a common cause in the rebellion. © Institute of Historical Research 2006