Predicting the capability of oxidized cnw adsorbents for the remediation of copper under optimal operating conditions using rsm and ann models

Metal pollutants such as copper released into the aqueous environment have been increasing as a result of anthropogenic activities. Adsorption-based treatment technologies offer opportunities to remediate metal pollutants from municipal and industrial wastewater effluent. The aim of this work was to evaluate the capability of modified cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) adsorbents for the remediation of copper from water matrices under realistic conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models. Considerations for design and application to remediate Cu(II) from wastewater by developing a continuous flow experiment are described in this study. However, the physical structure of modified CNW adsorbents renders them unsuitable for use in column operation. Therefore, a more detailed study of the mechanical properties of CNW adsorbents would be necessary in order to improve the strength and stability of the adsorbents. This work has demonstrated that modified CNW are promising adsorbents to remediate copper from water matrices under realistic conditions including wastewater complexity and variability. The use of models to predict the test parameter system and account for matrix variability when evaluating CNW adsorbents for remediating Cu from a real-world wastewater matrix may also provide the foundation for assessing other treatment technologies in the future

Properties of paper manufactured from kenaf as function of alkaline pH medium and retention of precipitated calcium carbonate

The objective of this study was to have a better understanding of the effect of alkaline pH medium in the retention of filler in papermaking using kenaf bleached pulp. Three stages of experiments were carried out involving papermaking at alkaline pH medium 8 to 13, usage of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), Albacar (ABC) of needle-shaped and Albafil (ABF) of circular-shaped, and the application of low and high molecular weight of polyacrylamides (PAM LM and PAM HM). Paper samples were manufactured based on TAPPI Test Method T295 om-88. Characterisation of specimens in terms of filler content, tensile, tear and burst strength were carried out. The results showed that pH medium influenced the inter-fibre bonding of the fibres during papermaking whereby pH 8-9 is found as the best medium in producing stronger paper. The findings are significant in order to suit the pH according to certain shape and size of such fillers

Adsorption study of textile dye effluent using mixture of nanocrystalline cellulose and eggshell powder adsorbents

Today, textile industry produces dye wastewater which cause huge wellbeing risks to living organisms and degradation of the environment. The aim of this research was to study the capability of adsorption technique for dye removal from textile industry by using the mixture of nanocrystalline cellulose and eggshell powder (NCC+ESP) adsorbents. In this study, NCC+ESP adsorbents found to have high surface area and porosity from the characterization study which prove that they are suitable for adsorption. Adsorption studies were also carried out to determine the effect of adsorbent dose (8 g NCC+2-8 g of ESP), contact time (5-60 minutes), initial dye concentration (100-300 ADMI) and pH (2-10). Result from the determination of adsorbent dosage have shown that 8 g of NCC+5 g of ESP was the optimum amount for adsorption of dye which achieved 82.667% of dye removal. Equilibrium was attained at 30 minutes which reflects the maximum adsorption capacity. The extent of dye removal decreased from 90% to 84% with increase in the initial concentration of the dye. The adsorption capacities were shown to be favored at pH 6 which achieved 82.667% of dye removal. Lastly, this study also investigate the stability of NCC+ESP adsorbents after multiple batch adsorption cycles and the result found out that it can be considered reused effectively as the percentage of removal dye just a slightly decreased from 84% to 74%. In conclusion, this research indicated that NCC+ESP adsorbents could be efficiently and economically applied in removing dyes as well as reusing of these adsorbents could be employed as an alternative for dye remediation in the textile industrial

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS DENDROCALAMUS ASPER BAMBOO AND SUITABILITY FOR PULP AND PAPER

The chemical analysis of bamboo species, namely Dendrocalamusasper or popular named as BuluhBetong has been evaluated. From the age of 3 years, this species shows different chemical properties related to holocellulose, cellulose, solvent extraction, alkali solubility, lignin, hot water solubility, cold water solubility, ash, silica and pentosan. Holocellulose content of about 60.48% to 64.75%, cellulose content of about 35.73% to 43.14%, for all bamboo segments indicated as a suitable material for pulp and papermaking. Low level of solvent extractive of about 5.09% to 6.23%, hot water soluble of about 6.29% 9.49% and cold water soluble of about 9.35% to 10.49% also produced the content that cannot interfere with the paper-making process. In addition, the low ash and silica content for all sections of bamboo will indicate a normal alkali consumption and give little challenge to the operational process. High pentosan content in the middle and top sections between 16.32% and 20.88% and lignin content of around 39.27% to 32.51% also promise little challenge for pulping as compared to the bottom section. Therefore, based on the overall findings, the middle section, and the top section had an advantage over the bottom section. As a result, the middle and top sections are best used as a new material in pulp and paper making process

Different Preparation Method of Nanocellulose from Macaranga gigantea and Its Preliminary Study on Packaging Film Potential

Nanocellulose is a versatile cellulosic nanomaterial that can be used in many application areas. Applying different preparation strategies leads to different types of nanocellulose. In this study, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) were prepared from lesser known wood species, viz., Macaranga gigantea, using sulfuric acid hydrolysis and enzymatic pretreatment with ultrafine grinding approaches, respectively. The respective nanocellulose was characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was then converted into a thin film to assess its performance which includes tensile test, transparency, air permeance, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and water vapor permeability (WVP) properties. NCC and NFC produced from the raw material of Macaranga had average widths of 6.38 ± 3.92 nm and 13.17 ± 12.71 nm, respectively. Peaks in FTIR spectra showed the conversion of Macaranga wood to nanocellulose by the presence of cellulose fingerprint as well as absence of lignin and hemicellulose after alkaline treatment. The successful conversion was also supported by XRD analysis which displayed the increased crystallinity value from 54% to 70%. TGA decomposition pattern at 200–490 °C revealed the thermal stability of the samples. The thin film produced from nanocelluloses had WVTR values of 4.58 and 12.14 g/(day·m2) for NFC and NCC, respectively, comparable to those of films from polyester and oriented polypropylene. Nanocellulose-based thin film has the potential to be used as sustainable and biodegradable packaging

One-pot functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals with various cationic groups

After successful cationization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to produce pyridinium-grafted-CNCs, a variety of different cationic CNCs were prepared using a similar procedure, thus unlocking access to a wide variety of cationized cellulose nanocrystals through a simple one-pot reaction. In this study, cationic CNCs were prepared through the use of 4-(1-bromoethyl)benzoic acid or 4-bromomethylbenzoic acid, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, CNCs, and two different amines, 1-methylimidazole and 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The amines acted as both the base catalyst for the esterification and the nucleophile to form the cationic charge. This method offers a versatile and straightforward route to prepare a variety of different cationic nanocrystals and therefore tailor their interaction with their environment.status: publishe

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS DENDROCALAMUS ASPER BAMBOO AND SUITABILITY FOR PULP AND PAPER

The chemical analysis of bamboo species, namely Dendrocalamusasper or popular named as BuluhBetong has been evaluated. From the age of 3 years, this species shows different chemical properties related to holocellulose, cellulose, solvent extraction, alkali solubility, lignin, hot water solubility, cold water solubility, ash, silica and pentosan. Holocellulose content of about 60.48% to 64.75%, cellulose content of about 35.73% to 43.14%, for all bamboo segments indicated as a suitable material for pulp and papermaking. Low level of solvent extractive of about 5.09% to 6.23%, hot water soluble of about 6.29% 9.49% and cold water soluble of about 9.35% to 10.49% also produced the content that cannot interfere with the paper-making process. In addition, the low ash and silica content for all sections of bamboo will indicate a normal alkali consumption and give little challenge to the operational process. High pentosan content in the middle and top sections between 16.32% and 20.88% and lignin content of around 39.27% to 32.51% also promise little challenge for pulping as compared to the bottom section. Therefore, based on the overall findings, the middle section, and the top section had an advantage over the bottom section. As a result, the middle and top sections are best used as a new material in pulp and paper making process

Effects of weathering on mechanical properties and surface roughness of Endospermum malaccense wood modified with propionic anhydride

This study evaluated some properties of sesenduk (Endospermum malaccense) wood treated with propionic anhydride and exposed to outdoor conditions for up to one year. Defect-free samples of sesenduk were extracted with a 3:1:1 (v/v) mixture of toluene, ethanol and acetone for 3 hours at a temperature of 100°C. The samples were then modified at the same temperature for another 3 hours using propionic anhydride and 10% sodium formate as catalyst. Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and parallel-to-grain compression strength of the samples exposed to weathering were tested. Chemical treatment reduced the MOE but slightly increased the MOR and parallel-to-grain compression strength compared with untreated samples. However, treated samples retained higher strength properties than untreated ones. The modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and parallel-to-grain compression strength of treated samples at radial orientation were respectively 20%, 31% and 62% higher than those of untreated samples after one year’s outdoor exposure. Weathering adversely influenced the surface quality of the specimens for all exposure times

Regenerated cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch using ionic liquids mixture

This work focused on the synthesis of regenerated cellulose (RC) using ionic liquids (ILs) mixture of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc) and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCl) with oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) cellulose pulp. The IL-OPEFB mixture were prepare at temperature of 100 oC and stirring speed of 270 rpm; subsequently undergoes dry-jet wet spinning using self-designed water coagulation bath. The morphology, structural, and mechanical properties of regenerated cellulose filament (RCF) were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile machine. An Ioncell-type RCF was obtained is showing good mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 160.45 ± 0.699 MPa, a tenacity of 8.774 ± 0.699 cN/tex, Young’s modulus of 83.245 ± 1.183 MPa and 12.92% elongation at break. The RCF had a smooth surface with a round, rigid and hard to break structure are foreseen to have wide applications in sustainable material technology