A Normal-Mode Approach to Jovian Atmospheric Dynamics

We propose a nonlinear, quasi-geostrophic, baroclinic model of Jovian atmospheric dynamics, in which vertical variations of velocity are represented by a truncated sum over a complete set of orthogonal functions obtained by a separation of variables of the linearized quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation. A set of equations for the time variation of the mode amplitudes in the nonlinear case is then derived. We show that for a planet with a neutrally stable, fluid interior instead of a solid lower boundary, the baroclinic mode represents motions in the interior, and is not affected by the baroclinic modes. One consequence of this is that a normal-mode model with one baroclinic mode is dynamically equivalent to a one layer model with solid lower topography. We also show that for motions in Jupiter's cloudy lower troposphere, the stratosphere behaves nearly as a rigid lid, so that the normal-mode model is applicable to Jupiter. We test the accuracy of the normal-mode model for Jupiter using two simple problem forced, vertically propagating Rossby waves, using two and three baroclinic modes and baroclinic instability, using two baroclinic modes. We find that the normal-road model provide qualitatively correct results, even with only a very limited number of vertical degrees of freedom

Penyajian Laporan Keuangan pada Koperasi Serba USAha Mitra Maju Kampung Sumber Sari

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyajian laporan keuangan Koperasi Serba Usaha “Mitra Maju” Kampung Sumber Sari telah sesuai dengan Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (PSAK) No. 27 . Dasar teori yang digunakan adalah Akuntansi Keuangan menurut Imam Santoso adalah merupakan proses yang berpuncak pada penyiapan laporan keuangan Perusahaan secara menyeluruh untuk digunakan oleh pihak internal dan eksternal Perusahaan dalam rangka pengambilan keputusan. Pengertian Koperasi menurut Ima Suwandi adalah sebuah Perusahaan dimana orang-orang berkumpul bukan untuk menyatukan uang atau modal melainkan sebagai akibat kesamaan kebutuhan ekonomi. Neraca menyajikan informasi mengenai asset, kewajiban dan ekuitas koperasi pada waktu tertentu. Perhitungan Hasil Usaha menurut Revrisonad Baswir adalah sisa hasil USAha merupakan pendapatan koperasi yang diperoleh dalam satu tahun buku. Alat analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah perhitungan neraca dan perhitungan hasil USAha menurut PSAK No. 27. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan kesimpulan sebagai berikut: 1. Pada neraca yang dibuat oleh Koperasi Serba Usaha “Mitra Maju” Kampung Sumber Sari diketahui adanya anggota yang belum membayar simpanan pokok dan simpanan wajib tetapi tidak disajikan sebagai piutang simpanan pokok dan simpanan wajib. Menurut PSAK No.27 tentang Akuntansi Perkoperasian, Simpanan pokok dan simpanan wajib yang belum diterima dari anggota disajikan sebagai piutang simpanan pokok dan simpanan wajib.2. Pada Perhitungan Hasil Usaha yang dibuat Koperasi Serba Usaha “Mitra Maju” Kampung Sumber Sari belum sesuai dengan PSAK. No. 27, karena adanya penyajian pendapatan koperasi yang berasal dari anggota tidak disajikan terpisah. Menurut PSAK No. 27, tentang Akuntansi Perkoperasian, pendapatan koperasi yang berasal dari anggota, beban USAha dan beban perkoperasian juga harus disajikan terpisah dalam laporan PHU ( Perhitungan Hasil Usaha )

Scalable Peer-to-Peer Streaming for Live Entertainment Content

We present a system for streaming live entertainment content over the Internet originating from a single source to a scalable number of consumers without resorting to centralized or provider-provisioned resources. The system creates a peer-to-peer overlay network, which attempts to optimize use of existing capacity to ensure quality of service, delivering low startup delay and lag in playout of the live content. There are three main aspects of our solution: first, a swarming mechanism that constructs an overlay topology for minimizing propagation delays from the source to end consumers; second, a distributed overlay anycast system that uses a location-based search algorithm for peers to quickly find the closest peers in a given stream; and finally, a novel incentive mechanism that encourages peers to donate capacity even when the user is not actively consuming content

Adjustment Methods for Planimetric Observations and Co-Ordinates in Survey Networks

Correction and adjustment of observed angles and sides in geodetic networks are necessary for the purpose of the correct location of coordinated points. Correction equations are usually in the form of linear overdetermined (observation) or underdetermined (condition) equations which are solved by the least squares theorem. The introduction of the electro-magnetic methods of linear measurement requires the adjustment of sides as well as the adjustment of angles necessary in classical triangulation nets. For the simultaneous adjustment of angles and sides two new sets of conditions have been introduced: (i) the area misfit condition, where the area obtained from distances and angles has to satisfy a special condition, and (ii) that the sum of the projections of the three sides of a triangle on the coordinate axes have to satisfy a zero condition. A special study has been made into the adjustment of the braced geodetic quadrilateral, as being one of the most favourable figures from the adjustment point of view. The different apices of this quadrilateral have been investigated to allow a choice to be made as to which of them shall be introduced in an angle misfit condition during adjustment. This gives rise to the conclusion that all apices will introduce the same corrections for all practical purposes. Since observed angles and sides are different physical quantities, the question of relative weighting has been given special attention and recommendations have been made in the light of various theoretical and practical investigations. The Systematic relaxation method for adjusting survey nets has been theoretically derived by Professors Southwell and Black based on the minimum strain-energy conserved in an elastic frame-work at the position of equilibrium. Using this theory mechanical analogues have been designed and constructed for the first time to carry out the adjustment of the triangulation net directly from field observations, without the necessity of forming and solving a set of linear equations. An analogue for the adjustment of angles was found to be excessively complicated mechanically and difficult to use in practice. Through the use of a direction adjustment method these limitations have been overcome. The final model constructed achieved comparable results to those obtained numerically by a least squares solution. Suggestions for a more highly developed version are made and the situations favourable to mechanical analogue computations are discussed. The use of an electrical analogue as suggested by Su using a D.C. circuit has been thoroughly investigated from both the theoretical and practical points of view, which showed that such a solution will be simple only for certain limited cases. As an alternative the possibilities of the more general purpose electronic analogue computer have been investigated via the solution of correction equations. Various examples have been solved on this computer which proved to have several advantages over other computation methods. Finally equivalent problems have been solved numerically on a digital computer for a comparison of the relative merits of analogue and digital methods for the particular case of adjustment of geodetic networks. The relative merits of these solutions are discussed in the light of different problems and circumstances