Efikasi Diri dan Dukungan Sosial Pasien Hemodialisa dalam Meningkatkan Kepatuhan Pembatasan Cairan

The increasing of intradialitic weight due to non-adherence to fluid intake of patients who undergoing hemodialysis is resulting in chronic buildup of fluid and risks for cardiovascular disorders and hypertension, as well as increased mortality and morbidity rate in patients with chronic renal failure. Social support is one of factors that support patient compliance in the therapy. This research design was mixed methods with sequential explanatory. Population in this study were all patients with chronic renal failure who underwent hemodialysis in Rumah Sakit Umum Tangerang. Quantitative sample were selected by using total sampling technique of 76 patients, and the number of qualitative samples taken by using purposive sampling technique of 6 patients. Data were collected with Chronic Kidney Disease Self-Efficacy Instrument and Multidimentional Scale Perceived Social Support, as well as interviews. Quantitative data analized with pearson correlation, but qualitative data analized by using Miles and Huberman model analysis techniques. Pearson correlation showed that there was a relationship between efficacy and social support with fluid restriction compliance (r = 0.476 p = 0.001) and (r = 0.308 p = 0.007). Based on the results of in-depth interviews found that the suffer from thirst cause patients to be non-compliance of fluid intake program restriction. It is expected that the hospital provides a special room to the patient\u27s family, and the nurse gives high motivation to the patient while undergoing the therapy regimen

Efikasi Diri Dan Dukungan Sosial Pasien Hemodialisa Dalam Meningkatkan Kepatuhan Pembatasan Cairan

The increasing of intradialitic weight due to non-adherence to fluid intake of patients who undergoing hemodialysis is resulting in chronic buildup of fluid and risks for cardiovascular disorders and hypertension, as well as increased mortality and morbidity rate in patients with chronic renal failure. Social support is one of factors that support patient compliance in the therapy. This research design was mixed methods with sequential explanatory. Population in this study were all patients with chronic renal failure who underwent hemodialysis in Rumah Sakit Umum Tangerang. Quantitative sample were selected by using total sampling technique of 76 patients, and the number of qualitative samples taken by using purposive sampling technique of 6 patients. Data were collected with Chronic Kidney Disease Self-Efficacy Instrument and Multidimentional Scale Perceived Social Support, as well as interviews. Quantitative data analized with pearson correlation, but qualitative data analized by using Miles and Huberman model analysis techniques. Pearson correlation showed that there was a relationship between efficacy and social support with fluid restriction compliance (r = 0.476 p = 0.001) and (r = 0.308 p = 0.007). Based on the results of in-depth interviews found that the suffer from thirst cause patients to be non-compliance of fluid intake program restriction. It is expected that the hospital provides a special room to the patient's family, and the nurse gives high motivation to the patient while undergoing the therapy regimen.Peningkatan berat badan intradialitik akibat ketidakpatuhan asupan cairan pasien yang menjalani hemodialisa berdampak pada terjadinya penumpukan cairan secara kronis dan berisiko terhadap gangguan pada kardiovaskuler dan hipertensi, serta meningkatkan mortalitas dan morbiditas pada pasien dengan gagal ginjal kronik. Dukungan sosial menjadi salah satu faktor yang mendukung kepatuhan pasien dalam menjalankan terapi. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan mixed methods dengan desain sequential explanatory. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh pasien gagal ginjal kronik yang menjalani hemodialisa di RSU Kabupaten Tangerang. Jumlah sampel kuantitatif dipilih menggunakan tehnik total sampling sebanyak 76 orang dan  jumlah sampel kualitatif  diambil secara purposive sampling sebanyak 6 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan Chronic Kidney Disease Self-Efficacy Instrument dan Multidimentional Scale Perceived Social Support, serta wawancara. Analisis data kuantitatif dengan analisis deskriptif dan korelasi pearson. Analisis data kualitatif menggunakan teknik analisis model Miles dan Huberman. Hasil Uji korelasi Pearson, ada hubungan antara efikasi dan dukungan sosial dengan kepatuhan pembatasan cairan  (r=0.476 p= 0.001) dan (r=0.308 p= 0.007).  Berdasarkan hasil wawancara mendalam didapatkan bahwa rasa haus menjadi penyebab ketidakpatuhan menjalankan program pembatasan asupan cairan. Diharapkan rumah sakit memberikan ruang khusus kepada keluarga pasien dan perawat memberi motivasi yang tinggi kepada pasien dalam menjalankan regimen terapinya

An option for measuring maternal mortality in developing countries : a survey using community informants

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

ANALISIS MAKNA PESAN DAKWAH DALAM SYAIR LAGU KARYA ANREGURUTTA HAJI ABDURRAHMAN AMBO DALLE (SUATU KAJIAN SEMIOTIKA)

This research discusses the meaning of da'wah messages in the song lyrics by Anregurutta Haji Abdurrahman Ambo Dalle. The results show that the song by Anregurutta Haji Abdurrahman Ambo Dalle entitled Allahu Jalla, Sempajangnge, and Hubbul Malik was created based on the socio-cultural context behind it, namely 1) Allahu Song Jalla was based on the needs of society at that time which needed to be given an understanding of His attributes and to keep away from shirk; 2) The song Sempajangnge was created on the basis of many claiming to be faithful but not yet practicing Islamic law, especially the five daily prayers; 3) The background song of Hubbul Malik was a manifestation of strong nationalism in the context of fighting colonialism by strengthening nationalism. The three songs that are the object of this research are full of da'wah messages, both those related to faith, law, and morals, namely the song Allahu Jalla contains the message of akidah (knowing God and strengthening belief in Allah Almighty), the Sempajangnge song contains the message of sharia (related to with an explanation of prayer), the song Hubbul Malik contains a message of morality (morals to leaders and the right attitude in maintaining the integrity of the nation and state)

Symptoms trend and challenges in dental practice during delta variance COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia: Google Trends Analysis [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has grown to be a serious issue on a global scale. Dental care is one of the industries affected by COVID-19. The surveillance utilizing lifetime data, however, is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to use Google Trends (GT) analysis to examine symptom trends and challenges during the COVID-19 outbreak in Indonesia. Methods: Covid-19 cases retrieve from Our World in Data. The cases were collected between 1 April 2021-30 September 2021. The GT was used to discover Indonesian relative search volume (RSVs) covering the timeframe of the first outbreak covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia on 1 March 2020 until 13 February 2022. The duration of the search was chosen to reflect the relative popularity of the keywords "symptoms and dentistry practice challenge-related terms" and "coronavirus". Results: We observed that there was a significant and positive correlation between the COVID-19 daily case using GT RSV data and the COVID-19 case from Our World in Data. The COVID-19 daily case had a strong correlation with search terms related to symptoms (such as fever, sore throat, flu, toothache, and cough), drugs (such as ibuprofen, paracetamol, demacolin, bodrex, and antibiotic), and health management (such as self-isolation and telemedicine). Conclusion: Using GT may be helpful to observe the current symptoms trends as well as its challenge tendencies as a surveillance tool for a continuing pandemic like COVID-19. GT should be considered and used as it has the potential to be a powerful digital epidemiology tool that can provide more insight into disease dynamics

Neonatal mortality in two districts in Indonesia: Findings from Neonatal Verbal and Social Autopsy (VASA)

Background The Government of Indonesia is determined to follow global commitments to reduce the neonatal mortality rate. Yet, there is a paucity of information on contributing factors and causes of neonatal deaths, particularly at the sub-national level. This study describes care-seeking during neonates’ fatal illnesses and their causes of death. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional community-based study to identify all neonatal deaths in Serang and Jember Districts, Indonesia. Follow-up interviews were conducted with the families of deceased neonates using an adapted verbal and social autopsy instrument. Cause of death was determined using the InSilicoVA algorithm. Results The main causes of death of 259 neonates were prematurity (44%) and intrapartum-related events (IPRE)-mainly birth asphyxia (39%). About 83% and 74% of the 259 neonates were born and died at a health facility, respectively; 79% died within the first week after birth. Of 70 neonates whose fatal illness began at home, 59 (84%) sought care during the fatal illness. Forty-eight of those 59 neonates went to a formal care provider; 36 of those 48 neonates (75%) were moderately or severely ill when the family decided to seek care. One hundred fifteen of 189 neonates (61%) whose fatal illnesses began at health facilities were born at a hospital. Among those 115, only 24 (21%) left the hospital alive–of whom 16 (67%) were referred by the hospital. Conclusions The high proportion of deaths due to prematurity and IPRE suggests the need for improved management of small and asphyxiated newborns. The moderate to severe condition of neonates at the time when care was sought from home highlights the importance of early illness recognition and appropriate management for sick neonates. Among deceased neonates whose fatal illness began at their delivery hospital, the high proportion of referrals may indicate issues with hospital capability, capacity, and/or cost

Care-seeking and health insurance among pregnancy-related deaths: A population-based study in Jember District, East Java Province, Indonesia

Background Despite the increased access to facility-based delivery in Indonesia, the country’s maternal mortality remains unacceptably high. Reducing maternal mortality requires a good understanding of the care-seeking pathways for maternal complications, especially with the government moving toward universal health coverage. This study examined care-seeking practices and health insurance in instances of pregnancy-related deaths in Jember District, East Java, Indonesia. Methods This was a community-based cross-sectional study to identify all pregnancy-related deaths in the district from January 2017 to December 2018. Follow-up verbal and social autopsy interviews were conducted to collect information on care-seeking behavior, health insurance, causes of death, and other factors. Findings Among 103 pregnancy-related deaths, 40% occurred after 24 hours postpartum, 36% during delivery or within the first 24 hours postpartum, and 24% occurred while pregnant. The leading causes of deaths were hemorrhage (38.8%), pregnancy-induced hypertension (20.4%), and sepsis (16.5%). Most deaths occurred in health facilities (81.6%), primarily hospitals (74.8%). Nearly all the deceased sought care from a formal health provider during their fatal illness (93.2%). Seeking any care from an informal provider during the fatal illness was more likely among women who died after 24 hours postpartum (41.0%, OR 7.4, 95% CI 1.9, 28.5, p = 0.049) or during pregnancy (29.2%, OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.0, 19.2, p = 0.003) than among those who died during delivery or within 24 hours postpartum (8.6%). There was no difference in care-seeking patterns between insured and uninsured groups. Conclusions The fact that women sought care and reached health facilities regardless of their insurance status provides opportunities to prevent deaths by ensuring that every woman receives timely and quality care. Accordingly, the increasing demand should be met with balanced readiness of both primary care and hospitals to provide quality care, supported by an effective referral system

Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings: In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively. Interpretation: Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation