Escape from the Twilight Zone: Minnesota’s Definitions of “Substantial Bodily Harm” and “Great Bodily Harm” Leave Too Much Room for Injustice, and They Can Be Improved

The article first will discuss the current assault-statute regime in Minnesota and its origin and development. Then, the article will identify appellate decisions that have examined the concepts of bodily harm, substantial bodily harm, and great bodily harm. Following this, the article will describe the Wisconsin assault-statute regime. Lastly, the article will propose how Minnesota should improve

Escape from the Twilight Zone: Minnesota’s Definitions of “Substantial Bodily Harm” and “Great Bodily Harm” Leave Too Much Room for Injustice, and They Can Be Improved

The article first will discuss the current assault-statute regime in Minnesota and its origin and development. Then, the article will identify appellate decisions that have examined the concepts of bodily harm, substantial bodily harm, and great bodily harm. Following this, the article will describe the Wisconsin assault-statute regime. Lastly, the article will propose how Minnesota should improve

Stereo Camera Calibrations with Optical Flow

Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) are currently unable to refuel mid-air due to the large communication delays between their operators and the aircraft. AAR seeks to address this problem by reducing the communication delay to a fast line-of-sight signal between the tanker and the RPA. Current proposals for AAR utilize stereo cameras to estimate where the receiving aircraft is relative to the tanker, but require accurate calibrations for accurate location estimates of the receiver. This paper improves the accuracy of this calibration by improving three components of it: increasing the quantity of intrinsic calibration data with CNN preprocessing, improving the quality of the intrinsic calibration data through a novel linear regression filter, and reducing the epipolar error of the stereo calibration with optical flow for feature matching and alignment. A combination of all three approaches resulted in significant epipolar error improvements over OpenCV\u27s stereo calibration while also providing significant precision improvements

FRONTAL PLANE HUMERAL ELEVATION EFFECTS ON THE PULLOUT STRENGTH OF SUTURE ANCHORS USED IN ROTATOR CUFF REPAIR

The rotator cuff offers the stabilizing forces necessary for fine arm movement. The most common injury to the rotator cuff is the partial or full thickness tear of the supraspinatus tendon, which attaches the humerus to the scapula on the superior side, due to an acute or chronic injury. These injuries account for more than 4.5 million physician visits per year. Depending on the degree of tear, arthroscopic surgery may be needed to reattach the torn tendon to the humeral head. The current preferred method of surgery involves the insertion of a suture anchor into the humeral head that ties the detached tendon using sutures back to bone. Usage of suture anchors promotes healing of the supraspinatus tendon onto the bone re-establishing movement of the arm. Although they provide a suitable healing interface, suture anchors are prone to various types of failure such as anchor eyelet breakage, suture failure, and anchor pullout. These failure modes necessitate intervention to reattach the tendon thus prolonging the healing period. Identifying and minimizing these failure modes will ensure optimum healing. There are two goals of this study. Firstly, the paper will validate suture anchor pullout test methodology in comparison with previous studies using polyurethane blocks to ensure robust methods and results. Secondly, this study will investigate the effects of frontal plane humeral elevation on the pullout force of suture anchors

Vying to be King of the Jungle: Where Top-Two Primaries Fall Short

Top-two primaries pose significant constitutional issues for political parties, but primary system selection is also a significant policy question for each state. Primary elections have served as a filter for candidates to enter the general election; however, primaries are predominantly party functions. Although the process varies from state-to-state and is regulated by individual state legislatures, primary elections allow voters of a particular party to nominate the candidate they think best represents them against other parties in the general election. To combat partisan politics, Washington and California have grappled with election reform by adopting a top-two primary system. This version of an open primary, later donned the “Jungle Primary,” created a scheme in which all candidates would face off in one primary election. The first and second place primary winners would move on to the general election, regardless if there was party balance. This system set out to do what a traditional primary supposedly couldn’t-- find moderacy. Since the adoption of this primary system, it has been challenged on constitutional grounds at both state and federal levels. However in seemingly divergent, inconsistent decisions, the U.S. Supreme Court appears to lack a unified approach to addressing whether open or top-two primaries have actually achieved that goal. This article argues that new legal challenges are needed in order to achieve unity, in an effort to return to the successful, clearly constitutional, closed primary systems that adequately represent the two-party democratic republic of the United States

The Necessity of Global Standardization Guidelines for Space Travel

This study explored the interest in global standardization guidelines for space travel. Due to the lack of accepted minimum international standards and commercialized space travel guidelines, there is a need to explore the feasibility of developing of an agency or clearinghouse for the standardization of certifications, requirements, and ethical standards for space travel between global governments and private entities. This study employed a two-round Delphi design to investigate the need to establish and prioritize such guidelines. The findings yielded from this study provide guidance on how an agency or clearinghouse is needed and could potentially aid in developing such guidelines. The study included the prioritization of issues relevant to the establishment of guidelines to regulate human space travel. Twenty-nine global experts from 10 different nations participated in this research study. The results of this study include quantitative and qualitative data, which were collected in the two rounds of the Delphi study. As a result of this study\u27s findings, industry decision-makers may become more knowledgeable of issues concerning consensus on safety concerns regarding human spaceflight

The Ballot Box: A Pathway to Greater Success in Addressing Political Gerrymandering Through State Courts

This article will accomplish two tasks. First, it will address how political gerrymandering presents a hybrid-question for courts—a political and a constitutional question grounded in the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Second, this article will discuss two diverging challenges: the first being the federal challenges under the United States Constitution in Gill v. Whitford and Benisek v. Lamone, and the second being the Pennsylvania state constitutional challenge in League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania. Ultimately, this article seeks to provide a roadmap for successful challenges to political gerrymandering. Although federal remedies appear limited, this article argues that gerrymandering can be successfully measured, challenged, and cured in state courts and by state legislatures