Storage of Wood Chips: Effect of Chip Size on Storage Properties

To make forest biomass more competitive, increased efficiency in the handling and supply system is needed, thus producing high-quality fuel at a lower cost. Operating costs can be reduced if the target chip size is increased, as this increases productivity and reduces chipper fuel consumption. However, the chips need to be stored in order to meet fluctuating seasonal demand and maintain high machine utilisation. Due to biomass degradation, storage of comminuted biomass can lead to high energy losses, but can also increase fuel quality, e.g. by reducing moisture content and increasing net calorific value. This study evaluated the effects of storage on dry matter losses and differences in fuel quality of the stored biomass for three target chip sizes and three materials during six months of storage. The results showed that coarse chips had significantly lower moisture content and lower energy losses after storage than fine chips. Overall, changes during storage resulted in an economic loss of 3–4% per oven-dry ton for fine chips, but an economic gain of 2–6% for coarse chips. Thus increased target chip size can increase the competitiveness of forest biomass through decreased production costs and reduced storage costs. It can also ensure higher, more consistent fuel quality

Birgitta Romppanen: Från målspråk till källspråk. Utvecklingen av den finsk-svenska och den enspråkiga finska ordboken.

Anmeldt værk:Birgitta Romppanen: Från målspråk till källspråk. Utvecklingen av den finsk-svenska och den enspråkiga finska ordboken. (Acta Wasaensia 91: Språkvetenskap 18.) Vasa: Vaasan yliopisto/University of Vaasa 2001

Prästen och ordet. Ur den samiska lexikografins historia

The first attempts at writing Saami were made by Swedish and Norwegian missiona-ries. Their work also resulted in the first descriptions of the grammar and vocabulary of the Saami dialects. In fact, priests and missionaries have played a very important rôle in Saami lexicography from the middle of the 18th century, when the first dictionaries were published. In Sweden the written Saami was founded on southern dialects, codified in the dictionary by Fiellström 1738, whereas written Saami in Norway were based on Northern Finnmark dialects already in the dictionary by Leem 1768. In the first dictionaries the vocabulary of the Bible dominates over inherent words. During the 19th century the lexicographic works of linguists became increasingly important. In the 20th century priests have still accomplished important linguistic work in the field. Out of the five great dictionaries of different Saami dia-lects two were written by priests, two by sons of a Lappland priest and one by a pure linguist

En efterlängtad och angelägen ordbok

Rootsi-eesti sõnaraamat : 100 000 märksõna, Svensk-estnisk ordbok :100 000 uppslagsord. Utarbetad av: Mari Aidla, Liina Kümnik & al.1405 s. Tallinn: Valgus. 2004. ISBN 9985-68-154-

The Influence of KCl and HCl on the High-Temperature Oxidation of a Fe-2.25Cr-1Mo Steel at 400\ua0\ub0C

The influence of alkali- and chlorine-containing compounds on the corrosion of superheater alloys has been studied extensively. The current paper instead investigates the corrosive effects of KCl and HCl under conditions relevant to waterwall conditions. A low-alloy (Fe-2.25Cr-1Mo) steel was exposed to KCl(s), 500\ua0vppm HCl(g) and (KCl + HCl) in the presence of 5%O2 and 20% H2O at 400\ua0\ub0C. The results indicate that alloy chlorination by KCl occurs by an electrochemical process, involving cathodic formation of chemisorbed KOH on the scale surface and anodic formation of solid FeCl2 at the bottom of the scale. The process is accompanied by extensive cracking and delamination of the iron oxide scale, resulting in a complex, convoluted scale morphology. Adding 500\ua0vppm HCl to the experimental environment (KCl + HCl) initially greatly accelerated the formation of FeCl2 at the scale/alloy interface. The accelerated alloy chlorination is attributed to HCl reacting with KOH at the scale surface, causing the cathodic process to be depolarized. A rapid slowing down of the rate of chlorination and corrosion in KCl + HCl environment was observed which was attributed to the electronically insulating nature of the FeCl2 layer which forms at the bottom of the scale, disconnecting the anodic and cathodic regions

Some strategic national initiatives for the Swedish education in the geodata field

This paper describes national cooperation in Sweden launched by its universities and authorities, aimed at improving geodata education. These initiatives have been focused upon providing common access to geodata, the production of teaching materials in Swedish and organizing annual meetings for teachers. We argue that this type of cooperation is vital to providing high quality education for a poorly recognized subject in a country with a relatively small population

Some strategic national initiatives for the Swedish education in the geodata field

Ponencias, comunicaciones y pósters presentados en el 17th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science "Connecting a Digital Europe through Location and Place", celebrado en la Universitat Jaume I del 3 al 6 de junio de 2014.This paper describes national cooperation in Sweden launched by its universities and authorities, aimed at improving geodata education. These initiatives have been focused upon providing common access to geodata, the production of teaching materials in Swedish and organizing annual meetings for teachers. We argue that this type of cooperation is vital to providing high quality education for a poorly recognized subject in a country with a relatively small population