AI in Government: A Study on Explainability of High-Risk AI-Systems in Law Enforcement & Police Service

Law enforcement and police service are, related to the proposed AI Act of the European Commission, part of the high-risk area of artificial intelligence (AI). As such, in the area of digital government and high-risk AI systems exists a particular responsibility for ensuring ethical and social aspects with AI usage. The AI Act also imposes explainability requirements on AI, which could be met by the usage of explainable AI (XAI). The literature has not yet addressed the characteristics of the high-risk area law enforcement and police service in relation to compliance with explainability requirements. We conducted 11 expert interviews and used the grounded theory method to develop a grounded model of the phenomenon AI explainability requirements compliance in the context of law enforcement and police service. We discuss how the model and the results can be useful to authorities, governments, practitioners and researchers alike

Artificial Intelligence Explainability Requirements of the AI Act and Metrics for Measuring Compliance

Explainability in artificial intelligence (AI) is crucial for ensuring transparency, accountability, and risk mitigation, thereby addressing digital responsibility, social, ethical and ecological aspects of information system usage. AI will be regulated in the European Union (EU) through the AI Act. This regulation introduces requirements for explainable AI (XAI). This paper examines which requirements for XAI are regulated and which metrics could be used for measuring compliance. For this purpose, legal texts from the European Parliament and Council were analyzed in order to ascertain XAI requirements. Additionally, XAI taxonomies and metrics were collected. The results reveal, that the AI Act provides abstract regulations for explainability, making it challenging to define specific metrics for achieving explainability. As a solution, we propose a socio-technical metric classification for measuring compliance. Further studies should analyze forthcoming explainability requirements to make AI verifiable and minimize risks arising from AI

Influence of Viscosity in Fluid Atomization with Surface Acoustic Waves

In this work, aqueous glycerol solutions are atomized to investigate the influence of the viscosity on the droplet size and the general atomization behavior in a setup using standing surface acoustic waves (sSAW) and a fluid supply at the boundary of the acoustic path. Depending on the fluid viscosity, the produced aerosols have a monomodal or polymodal size distribution. The mean droplet size in the dominant droplet fraction, however, decreases with increasing viscosity. Our results also indicate that the local wavefield conditions are crucial for the atomization process

Allocentric representation in the human amygdala and ventral visual stream

The hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex are considered the main brain structures for allocentric representation of the external environment. Here, we show that the amygdala and the ventral visual stream are involved in allocentric representation. Thirty-one young men explored 35 virtual environments during high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and were subsequently tested on recall of the allocentric pattern of the objects in each environment-in other words, the positions of the objects relative to each other and to the outer perimeter. We find increasingly unique brain activation patterns associated with increasing allocentric accuracy in distinct neural populations in the perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, fusiform cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex. In contrast to the traditional view of a hierarchical MTL network with the hippocampus at the top, we demonstrate, using recently developed graph analyses, a hierarchical allocentric MTL network without a main connector hub

Structure and function of claudins

AbstractClaudins are tetraspan transmembrane proteins of tight junctions. They determine the barrier properties of this type of cell–cell contact existing between the plasma membranes of two neighbouring cells, such as occurring in endothelia or epithelia. Claudins can completely tighten the paracellular cleft for solutes, and they can form paracellular ion pores. It is assumed that the extracellular loops specify these claudin functions. It is hypothesised that the larger first extracellular loop is critical for determining the paracellular tightness and the selective ion permeability. The shorter second extracellular loop may cause narrowing of the paracellular cleft and have a holding function between the opposing cell membranes. Sequence analysis of claudins has led to differentiation into two groups, designated as classic claudins (1–10, 14, 15, 17, 19) and non-classic claudins (11–13, 16, 18, 20–24), according to their degree of sequence similarity. This is also reflected in the derived sequence-structure function relationships for extracellular loops 1 and 2. The concepts evolved from these findings and first tentative molecular models for homophilic interactions may explain the different functional contribution of the two extracellular loops at tight junctions

A strategy for enrichment of claudins based on their affinity to Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Claudins, a family of protein localized in tight junctions, are essential for the control of paracellular permeation in epithelia and endothelia. The interaction of several claudins with <it>Clostridium perfringens </it>enterotoxin (CPE) has been exploited for an affinity-based enrichment of CPE-binding claudins from lysates of normal rat cholangiocytes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Immunoblotting and mass spectrometry (MS) experiments demonstrate strong enrichment of the CPE-binding claudins -3, -4 and -7, indicating specific association with glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-CPE_116–319fusion protein. In parallel, the co-elution of (non-CPE-binding) claudin-1 and claudin-5 was observed. The complete set of co-enriched proteins was identified by MS after electrophoretic separation. Relative mass spectrometric protein quantification with stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) made it possible to discriminate specific binding from non-specific association to GST and/or matrix material.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>CPE_116–319provides an efficient tool for single step enrichment of different claudins from cell lysates. Numerous proteins were shown to be co-enriched with the CPE-binding claudins, but there are no indications (except for claudins -1 and -5) for an association with tight junctions.</p

CO2-Emissionen im Personenverkehr: Einfluss von Soziodemographie, Wohnort und Einkommen

Für verschiedene Bevölkerungsgruppen wurde untersucht, welchen Einfluss Soziodemografie, Wohnort und Einkommen auf die durchschnittlichen jährlichen CO2-Emissionen haben. Die Analysen zeigen, dass die durchschnittlichen CO2-Emissionen von Stadt- und Landbevölkerung nahezu identisch sind, jedoch mit dem Haushaltseinkommen ansteigen. Datengrundlage der detaillierten Analysen zu den CO2-Emissionen im Personenverkehr ist ein Datensatz, der die Gesamtmobilität der in Deutschland lebenden Bevölkerung umfasst, d. h. alle Verkehrsmodi sowie Wege und Fahrten im In- und Ausland

The B-cell inhibitory receptor CD22 is a major factor in host resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen, causing pneumonia and sepsis. Genetic components strongly influence host responses to pneumococcal infections, but the responsible loci are unknown. We have previously identified a locus on mouse chromosome 7 from a susceptible mouse strain, CBA/Ca, to be crucial for pneumococcal infection. Here we identify a responsible gene, Cd22, which carries a point mutation in the CBA/Ca strain, leading to loss of CD22 on B cells. CBA/Ca mice and gene-targeted CD22-deficient mice on a C57BL/6 background are both similarly susceptible to pneumococcal infection, as shown by bacterial replication in the lungs, high bacteremia and early death. After bacterial infections, CD22-deficient mice had strongly reduced B cell populations in the lung, including GM-CSF producing, IgM secreting innate response activator B cells, which are crucial for protection. This study provides striking evidence that CD22 is crucial for protection during invasive pneumococcal disease.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio