Surface-confined 2D polymerization of a brominated copper-tetraphenylporphyrin on Au(111)

A coupling-limited approach for the Ullmann reaction-like on-surface synthesis of a two-dimensional covalent organic network starting from a halogenated metallo-porphyrin is demonstrated. Copper-octabromo-tetraphenylporphyrin molecules can diffuse and self-assemble when adsorbed on the inert Au(111) surface. Splitting-off of bromine atoms bonded at the macrocyclic core of the porphyrin starts at room temperature after the deposition and is monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for different annealing steps. Direct coupling between the reactive carbon sites of the molecules is, however, hindered by the molecular shape. This leads initially to an ordered non-covalently interconnected supramolecular structure. Further heating to 300{\deg}C and an additional hydrogen dissociation step is required to link the molecular macrocycles via a phenyl group and form large ordered polymeric networks. This approach leads to a close-packed covalently bonded network of overall good quality. The structures are characterized using scanning tunneling microscopy. Different kinds of lattice defects and, furthermore, the impact of polymerization on the HOMO-LUMO gap are discussed. Density functional theory calculations corroborate the interpretations and give further insight into the adsorption of the debrominated molecule on the surface and the geometry and coupling reaction of the polymeric structure.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure

(Metallo)porphyrins for potential materials science applications

The bottom-up approach to replace existing devices by molecular-based systems is a subject that attracts permanently increasing interest. Molecular-based devices offer not only to miniaturize the device further, but also to benefit from advanced functionalities of deposited molecules. Furthermore, the molecules itself can be tailored to allow via their self-assembly the potential fabrication of devices with an application potential, which is still unforeseeable at this time. Herein, we review efforts to use discrete (metallo)porphyrins for the formation of (sub)monolayers by surface-confined polymerization, of monolayers formed by supramolecular recognition and of thin films formed by sublimation techniques. Selected physical properties of these systems are reported as well. The application potential of those ensembles of (metallo)porphyrins in materials science is discussed

(Metallo)porphyrins for potential materials science applications

The bottom-up approach to replace existing devices by molecular-based systems is a subject that attracts permanently increasing interest. Molecular-based devices offer not only to miniaturize the device further, but also to benefit from advanced functionalities of deposited molecules. Furthermore, the molecules itself can be tailored to allow via their self-assembly the potential fabrication of devices with an application potential, which is still unforeseeable at this time. Herein, we review efforts to use discrete (metallo)porphyrins for the formation of (sub)monolayers by surface-confined polymerization, of monolayers formed by supramolecular recognition and of thin films formed by sublimation techniques. Selected physical properties of these systems are reported as well. The application potential of those ensembles of (metallo)porphyrins in materials science is discussed

Investigation of the supramolecular self-assembly, electronic properties, and on-surface reactions of porphyrin and phthalocyanine molecules

Das grundlegende Verständnis der Adsorption, der Eigenschaften, und der Wechselwirkungen von komplexen organischen Molekülen auf Festkörperoberflächen ist für die Entwicklung neuer Anwendungen in der Nanotechnologie von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten funktionellen Bausteine gehören zu den Porphyrinen und Phthalocyaninen. Deren Adsorption, elektronische Struktur, und Reaktionen der Moleküle auf Edelmetalloberflächen wurden mit mehreren Methoden charakterisiert, insbesondere der Rastertunnelmikroskopie, Rastertunnelspektroskopie, Röntgen-Nahkanten-Absorptions-Spektroskopie und Photoelektronenspektroskopie, welche zudem durch theoretische Simulationen unter Verwendung der Dichtefunktionaltheorie ergänzt wurden. Tetra(p-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin Moleküle ordnen sich durch Selbstorganisation zu verschiedenen, durch Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen stabilisierten Nanostrukturen an, welche in Abhängigkeit von dem Substratoberflächengitter untersucht wurden um das komplizierte Zusammenspiel von Molekül−Molekül und Molekül−Substrat-Wechselwirkungen bei der Selbstorganisation zu verstehen. Erhitzen der Adsorbatschichten dieses Moleküls führt zu einer schrittweisen Deprotonierung, und außerdem konnte auch ein Schalten der Leitfähigkeit einzelner Porphyrin-Moleküle durch lokale Deprotonierung mittels Spannungspulsen demonstriert werden. Eine Polymerisationsreaktion, welche auf der Ullmann-Reaktion basiert, aber direkt auf einer Oberfläche stattfindet, wurde für Kupfer-octabromotetraphenylporphyrin Moleküle, die auf Au(111) adsorbiert sind, gefunden. Nach einer thermischen Abspaltung der Bromatome von den Molekülen reagieren dabei die Radikalmoleküle bei hohen Temperaturen miteinander und bilden geordnete, kovalent gebundene Netzwerke aus. Die Bromabspaltung und die nachfolgenden Reaktionen und Veränderungen der elektronischen Struktur der Moleküle wurden ausführlich für die Substratoberflächen Au(111) sowie Ag(110) untersucht. Weiterhin, wird die Adsorption und Selbstorganisation von metall-freien Phthalocyanin-Molekülen auf einer Ag(110)-Oberfläche, und deren Selbstmetallierungsreaktion mit Silberatomen des Substrats umfassend und verständlich beschrieben. Zuletzt wurden organische Hybrid-Grenzflächen zwischen verschiedenen Metall-Phthalocyaninen untersucht, wobei ein Ladungstransfer zwischen Kobalt- und Platin-Phthalocyanin-Molekülen gefunden wurde. Dotierung gemischter Metall-Phthalocyanin-Filme durch Einlagerung von Kaliumatomen und deren selektive Adsorption im Molekülgitter führt zu einer deutlichen Veränderung der elektronischen Eigenschaften, aufgrund einer Ladungsübertragung an die Kobalt-Phthalocyanin Moleküle.:List of publications List of abbreviations 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Scanning tunneling microscopy 2.1.1 Theoretical description 2.1.2 STM imaging modes 2.1.3 Scanning tunneling spectroscopy 2.1.4 Technical aspect of the STM instrument 2.2 Low energy electron diffraction 2.3 Photoelectron spectroscopy 2.3.1 Principle 2.3.2 Theoretical description 2.3.3 Initial state effects 2.3.4 Final state effects 2.3.5 X-ray source 2.3.6 Technical aspects of PES 2.3.7 Resonant Photoelectron spectroscopy 2.4 Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy 2.4.1 Principle 2.4.2 Polarization dependence 2.5 Density Functional Theory 2.5.1 Fundamental equations 2.5.2 Exchange-correlation functionals 2.5.3 Dispersion correction 2.5.4 Hubbard U correction 2.5.5 Basis set 2.5.6 Grid-based projector augmented wave (GPAW) method 2.6 Fundamentals of epitaxy and growth of molecular films 3 Experimental and computational details 3.1 Experimental setup 3.2 Sample preparation 3.3 Technical details for measurements 3.3.1 STM 3.3.2 PES 3.3.3 NEXAFS 3.4 Computational details 4 Metal-free tetra(p-hydroxylphenyl)porphyrin (H2THPP) 4.1 Interplay of hydrogen bonding and molecule-substrate interaction in self-assembled supra-molecular structures of H2THPP 4.1.1 Adlayer structures of H2THPP on Au(111) 4.1.2 Adlayer structures of H2THPP on Ag(111) 4.1.3 Adlayer structures of H2THPP on Ag(110) 4.1.4 Calculation of the adsorption energies and discussion 4.2 Manipulation of the electronic structure by local reversible dehydrogenation 4.2.1 STM and STS results 4.2.2 Discussion of the interconversion 4.2.3 Dosing of hydrogen gas on H2THPP 4.3 Photoelectron spectroscopy investigation of the temperature-induced deprotonation and substrate-mediated hydrogen transfer 4.3.1 Protonation and deprotonation at nitrogen atoms 4.3.2 Deprotonation at carbon atoms 4.3.3 Evolution of the valence band 4.4 Summary 5 Copper-octabromotetraphenylporphyrin (CuTPPBr8) 5.1 Introduction to surface-confined polymerization 5.2 Adsorption and polymerisation of CuTPPBr8 on Au(111) 5.2.1 XPS investigations 5.2.2 STM investigations of the molecular adlayer 5.2.3 DFT calculations 5.3 Adsorption and temperature-dependence of CuTPPBr8 on Ag(110) 5.3.1 XPS and NEXAFS investigations of CuTPPBr8 on Ag(110) 5.3.2 Adlayer structure and adsorption geometry of CuTPPBr8 on Ag(110) 5.4 Summary 6 Metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) on Ag(110) 6.1 Adlayer structures of H2Pc on Ag(110) 6.2 Self-metalation of H2Pc on Ag(110) with silver surface atoms 6.2.1 Introduction to self-metalation 6.2.2 XPS investigations of the self-metalation 6.2.3 STM results of the self-metalation 6.2.4 DFT simulations of the metalation reaction path 6.3 Summary 7 Charge transfer in metallophthalocyanine blends and doping with potassium atoms 7.1 Charge transfer in platinum phthalocyanine – cobalt phthalocyanine dimers 7.1.1 XPS of PtPc−CoPc dimer layers 7.1.2 Resonant photoelectron spectroscopy of PtPc−CoPc dimer layers 7.2 Potassium doping of copper phthalocyanine − cobalt phthalocyanine mixed films 7.2.1 XPS of CuPc−CoPc mixed layers 7.2.2 UPS of CuPc−CoPc mixed layers 7.2.3 NEXAFS of CuPc−CoPc mixed layers 7.2.4 DFT calculations of the CuPc−CoPc dimer and K doping 7.3 Summary 8 Conclusion and outlook Bibliography Erklärung Lebenslauf Danksagun

Investigation of Ultrathin Layers of Bis(phthalocyaninato)lutetium(III) on Graphite

We present a comprehensive study of the adsorption of bis­(phthalocyaninato)­lutetium­(III) (LuPc₂) on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite(0001) (HOPG). The growth and self-assembly of the molecular layers as well as the electronic structure has been investigated systematically using scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular mechanics simulations. We reveal that the adsorption of LuPc₂ leads to the formation of a square-like close-packed structure on the almost inert surface of HOPG, which is corroborated by simulations. Moreover, we observed a parallel orientation of the LuPc₂ molecules in the first monolayer, whereas in subsequent layers an increasing tilt out of the surface plane was found. Tip–sample distance-dependent tunneling spectroscopy measurements allowed us to detect a shift in the energy positions of the peaks assigned to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital toward the Fermi energy with decreasing tip–sample separation