Las relaciones internacionais de Bolivia: ¿un cambio de paradigma en su política externa?

O I Encontro Internacional de Política Externa Latino-Americana, aconteceu nos dias 14, 15 e 16 de setembro de 2015 em Foz do Iguaçu/PR, a partir de uma iniciativa do Núcleo de Pesquisa de Política Externa Latino-Americana (NUPELA), formado por professores e estudantes da Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA).Por veinte años Bolivia y principalmente su política externa estuvo arraigada al paradigma Neoliberal de 1985 a 2005. En 2006, con el cambio de régimen, Bolivia da un giro de 180 grados en su política externa, pero determinar el nuevo paradigma es nuestra tarea y ¿qué tipo de cambio paradigmático en la política externa se da partir de 2006? Es por eso que este artículo estudia el cambio paradigmático de la política externa de Bolivia en los periodos de 1985 y 2006. A partir del gobierno de Evo Morales paso a tener supuestamente un modelo hibrido desarrollista y logístico. Utilizando el aporte conceptual de Amado Cervo, sobre los paradigmas de la política exterior vamos a verificar los modelos que se tenían desde 1985 y cuál es el que se adoptó desde el 2006, además, de cuáles eran las fuentes del desarrollo, el papel del Estado y los efectos del libre mercado.Núcleo de Pesquisa de Política Externa Latino-Americana (NUPELA); Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA

Besnoitia besnoiti infection alters both endogenous cholesterol de novo synthesis and exogenous LDL uptake in host endothelial cells

Besnoitia besnoiti, an apicomplexan parasite of cattle being considered as emergent in Europe, replicates fast in host endothelial cells during acute infection and is in considerable need for energy, lipids and other building blocks for offspring formation. Apicomplexa are generally considered as defective in cholesterol synthesis and have to scavenge cholesterol from their host cells for successful replication. Therefore, we here analysed the influence of B. besnoiti on host cellular endogenous cholesterol synthesis and on sterol uptake from exogenous sources. GC-MS-based profiling of cholesterol-related sterols revealed enhanced cholesterol synthesis rates in B. besnoiti-infected cells. Accordingly, lovastatin and zaragozic acid treatments diminished tachyzoite production. Moreover, increased lipid droplet contents and enhanced cholesterol esterification was detected and inhibition of the latter significantly blocked parasite proliferation. Furthermore, artificial increase of host cellular lipid droplet disposability boosted parasite proliferation. Interestingly, lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 expression was upregulated in infected endothelial hostcells, whilst low density lipoproteins (LDL) receptor was not affected by parasite infection. However, exogenous supplementations with non-modified and acetylated LDL both boosted B. besnoiti proliferation. Overall, current data show that B. besnoiti simultaneously exploits both, endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis and cholesterol uptake from exogenous sources, during asexual replication

Besnoitia besnoiti infection alters both endogenous cholesterol de novo synthesis and exogenous LDL uptake in host endothelial cells

Besnoitia besnoiti, an apicomplexan parasite of cattle being considered as emergent in Europe, replicates fast in host endothelial cells during acute infection and is in considerable need for energy, lipids and other building blocks for offspring formation. Apicomplexa are generally considered as defective in cholesterol synthesis and have to scavenge cholesterol from their host cells for successful replication. Therefore, we here analysed the influence of B. besnoiti on host cellular endogenous cholesterol synthesis and on sterol uptake from exogenous sources. GC-MS-based profiling of cholesterol-related sterols revealed enhanced cholesterol synthesis rates in B. besnoiti-infected cells. Accordingly, lovastatin and zaragozic acid treatments diminished tachyzoite production. Moreover, increased lipid droplet contents and enhanced cholesterol esterification was detected and inhibition of the latter significantly blocked parasite proliferation. Furthermore, artificial increase of host cellular lipid droplet disposability boosted parasite proliferation. Interestingly, lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 expression was upregulated in infected endothelial hostcells, whilst low density lipoproteins (LDL) receptor was not affected by parasite infection. However, exogenous supplementations with non-modified and acetylated LDL both boosted B. besnoiti proliferation. Overall, current data show that B. besnoiti simultaneously exploits both, endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis and cholesterol uptake from exogenous sources, during asexual replication

Accelerating the LSTRS Algorithm

In a recent paper [Rojas, Santos, Sorensen: ACM ToMS 34 (2008), Article 11] an efficient method for solvingthe Large-Scale Trust-Region Subproblem was suggested which is based on recasting it in terms of a parameter dependent eigenvalue problem and adjusting the parameter iteratively. The essential work at each iteration is the solution of an eigenvalue problem for the smallest eigenvalue of the Hessian matrix (or two smallest eigenvalues in the potential hard case) and associated eigenvector(s). Replacing the implicitly restarted Lanczos method in the original paper with the Nonlinear Arnoldi method makes it possible to recycle most of the work from previous iterations which can substantially accelerate LSTRS

Distal probing depth and attachment level of lower second molars following surgical extraction of lower third molars : a literature review

A review of the literature is made to evaluate factors that influence probing depth and attachment level on the distal aspect of the lower second molar (L2M) following extraction of a lower third molar (L3M). The PubMed database was searched for studies published between 1997 and March 2009 using the following keywords: mandibular third molar, distal periodontal defect, distal probing depth, distal attachment level, flap design. Randomized prospective studies, with a minimum follow-up of three months for which the full text could be obtained, and that indicated the attachment level and/or probing depth on the distal surface of the L2M in both the preoperative and postoperative periods were included. In the studies obtained, flap design had no influence on distal probing depth or distal attachment level of the L2M following extraction of an L3M. Curettage of the distal radicular surface of the L2M, together with oral hygiene control by the dentist, reduced probing depth values. Various authors recommend bone regeneration techniques in patients with a distal periodontal defect prior to extraction. The placing of membranes (resorbable or nonresorbable) is not justified; however, the use of demineralized bone powder or platelet-rich plasma gel reduces the distal probing depth and attachment level of the L2M

Detection rates of congenital heart disease in Guatemala

AbstractObjectivesIn developing countries, congenital heart disease is often unrecognised, leading to serious morbidity and mortality. Guatemala is one of the few developing countries where expert paediatric cardiac treatment is available and affordable, and therefore early detection could significantly improve outcome. We assessed regional congenital heart disease detection rates in Guatemala, and determined whether they correlated with the regional human development index.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all new cardiac referrals made in 2006 to the Unidad de Cirugia Cardiovascular Pediatrica, the only paediatric cardiac centre in Guatemala. We calculated regional detection rates by comparing the number of congenital heart disease referrals with the expected incidence using the National Ministry of Health birth data. We then compared the regional detection rates with the human development index data published in the United Nations 2006 Development Program Report using Spearman’s rank correlation.ResultsAn estimated 3935 infants with cardiac defects were born in Guatemala in 2006, an expected 1380 (35%) of whom had severe forms. Overall, only 533 children (14%) with cardiac defects were referred. Of these, 62% had simple shunt lesions, 13% had cyanotic lesions, and 10% had left-sided obstructive lesions. Only 11.5% of referred patients were neonates. Regional detection rates, ranged 3.2–34%, correlated with the regional human development index (r = 0.75, p &lt; 0.0001).ConclusionsCurrent detection of congenital heart disease in Guatemala is low and correlates with the regional human development index. Those detected are older and have less severe forms, suggesting a high mortality rate among Guatemalan neonates with complex cardiac defects.</jats:sec

Radiographic signs associated with inferior alveolar nerve damage following lower third molar extraction

The aim was to carry out a literature review of preoperative radiographic signs in orthopantomography (OPG) and computed tomography (CT) related with the risk of inferior alveolar nerve damage during the surgical extraction of lower third molar (LTM). A search was made on PubMed for literature published between the years 2000 and 2009. In the reviewed literature, radiographic signs in the OPG that indicate a relationship between the LTM and the inferior alveolar canal are considered a risk factor for nerve damage. These signs are darkening and deflection of the root, and diversion and interruption in the white line of the canal. In the majority of these studies, the routine use of CT is not justified, and is only recommended when radiographic signs appear in the OPG that demonstrate a direct anatomical relationship between the LTM and the canal. In the CT, the absence of cortical bone in the canal implies a contact between the root of the LTM and the canal, and is related with the presence of some radiographic signs in the OPG. Some studies demonstrate that despite the absence of cortical bone, the risk of lesion or exposure of the nerve during the extraction of LTM was low

Osteotome sinus floor elevation without grafting material: results of a 2-year prospective study

Objectives: The aim of this prospective clinical trial was to evaluate the success implant rates during 24 months using OSFE procedure without grafting materials. Study Design: 42 adult patients (22 female, 15 male) were selected according to Nedir et al ?s inclusion criteria of which 5 patients were excluded, due to periapical pathology in adjacent teeth (n=3) and treatment with bisphos - phonates (n=2). 37 patients aged 31-68 years were selected. Smokers were divided in two groups depending on the number of cigarettes consumed per day (a) 0-10, (b) 11-20. One patient was excluded because he was lost to follow- up at 24 months A total of 36 threaded implants were placed, | 4,1mm Straumann® (Straumann AG, Waldenburg, Switzerland) and | 3,5mm Klockner® (Klockner Implant System, Barcelona, Spain). The most used implant dia - meter was 4,1 mm (n=29), followed by 3,5 mm (n=7), and length used was 10 mm (n=32) and 8 mm (n=4). Initial RBH ranged from 4 mm to 9 mm. All statistical data were processed using the program R 3.0.2 for windows. Results: A total of 36 threaded implants were placed. Residual bone height (RBH) at implant placement averaged 7,4 ± 0,4 mm. Mean bone gain was 1,8 ± 0,3 mm. Four implants showed a bone gain exceeding 3 mm. Mean im - plant protrusion length into the sinus amounted to 2.1 ± 0,3 mm. Regarding the relationship between smoking and periodontal probes, no statistically significant differences were found ( P =0,25), neither in relation to the number of threads that the implants showed ( P =0,29) or bone gain ( P =0,79). After 24 months the implant success rate was 91,6%. Conclusions: Implant rehabilitation of edentulous atrophied posterior maxilla can be safely performed and simpli - fied using the OSFE technique without grafting with reliable long-term results

LCL Grid Filter Design of a Multimegawatt Medium-Voltage Converter for Offshore Wind Turbine Using SHEPWM Modulation

The switching frequency of medium-voltage highpower converters is limited to about 1 kHz due to semiconductor junction temperature constraint. The frequency band between the fundamental and carrier frequency is limited to a little more than one decade and the LCL filter design is usually a challenge to meet grid codes for grid-connected applications. Traditional designs focus on the optimization of the filter parameters and different damping circuits. However, this design is very influenced by the modulation technique and produced low-order harmonics. Widely used pulse width modulations (PWM), such as phase disposition PWM (PDPWM), produce low-order harmonics that constraint the design of the filter. Selective harmonic elimination PWM (SHEPWM) can eliminate theses low-order harmonics, enabling a more efficient design of the LCL filter. In this paper, the LCL grid filter of a multimegawatt medium-voltage neutral-point-clamped converter for a wind turbine is redesigned using the SHEPWM modulation. Experimental results demonstrate that the efficiency of the converter, filter, and overall efficiency are increased compared to that obtained with PDPWM