Anomalous Scaling of Structure Functions and Dynamic Constraints on Turbulence Simulations

The connection between anomalous scaling of structure functions (intermittency) and numerical methods for turbulence simulations is discussed. It is argued that the computational work for direct numerical simulations (DNS) of fully developed turbulence increases as $Re^{4}$, and not as $Re^{3}$ expected from Kolmogorov's theory, where $Re$ is a large-scale Reynolds number. Various relations for the moments of acceleration and velocity derivatives are derived. An infinite set of exact constraints on dynamically consistent subgrid models for Large Eddy Simulations (LES) is derived from the Navier-Stokes equations, and some problems of principle associated with existing LES models are highlighted.Comment: 18 page

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RMI1 and TOP3 alpha limit meiotic CO formation through their C-terminal domains

At meiosis, hundreds of programmed DNA doublestrand breaks (DSBs) form and are repaired by homologous recombination. From this large number of DSBs, only a subset yields crossovers (COs), with a minimum of one CO per chromosome pair. All DSBs must be repaired and every recombination intermediate must be resolved to avoid subsequent entanglement and chromosome breakage. The conserved BLM-TOP3 alpha-RMI1 (BTR) complex acts on early and late meiotic recombination intermediates to both limit CO outcome and promote chromosome integrity. In Arabidopsis, the BLM homologues RECQ4A and RECQ4B act redundantly to prevent meiotic extra COs, but recombination intermediates are fully resolved in their absence. In contrast, TOP3 alpha is needed for both processes. Here we show through the characterization of specific mutants that RMI1 is a major anti-CO factor, in addition to being essential to prevent chromosome breakage and entanglement. Further, our findings suggest a specific role of the C-terminal domains of RMI1 and TOP3 alpha, that respectively contain an Oligo Binding domain (OB2) and ZINC finger motifs, in preventing extraCO. We propose that these domains of TOP3 alpha and RMI1 define a sub-domain of the BTR complex which is dispensable for the resolution of recombination intermediates but crucial to limit extra-COs