The typology of actors in Czech TV News in 1989–2021

A human face is called one of the main expressive means of the screen, this is true for all kinds of audiovisual content including television news, which have a high degree of credibility among the audience due to their audiovisual nature. The main purpose of the paper is to study whether and how the actors in television news have changed in the period of 1989–2021. We employed the content analysis to examine 1608 TV news items of one of the Czech TV channels in three periods – 1989, 2005 and 2021. We analyzed 2755 fragments of interviews that form the video news. The findings of the research illustrate how the number of actors in the Czech TV news rose by 2005–2021 (the number has increased 7-9 times compared to 1989), and the presence of journalists – the authors of the news pieces – in the frame has increased significantly too. There is a stable functional structure of actors typical for all three periods of the research: on average, the presence of about 70% of “participants”, 20% of “eyewitnesses” and 10% of “experts” in TV stories is revealed. According to the categorization of actors by areas, we found out that there is a significant domination of the representatives of the political area: from 47 to 61% of the actors (“participants”) relate to politics and power. Over the years, the presence of foreign politicians in Czech television news has grown, and there has been a substantial increase in the number of representatives of public organizations as actors. In addition, there is a democratization of actors in the economic sphere: the number of “managers and businessmen” has at least halved over the years, and the number of specialists and employees in Czech TV news has increased four to six times.&nbsp

Czech Republic television: genre and thematic features of TV news in 1989-2021

The author applies the content analysis to study 1608 video news of the Czech TV in 1989, 2005 and 2021. The studies of two categories “Genre” and “Thematic” were conducted. The hypotheses about the increase of negative information in TV news and the rise of entertainment content is tested. Much attention is given to seeking changes in the genres of TV news, which occur as a result of media convergence and the expansion of user-generated content. The greatest genre diversity was found in the modern period (2021), the lowest genre diversity was noted in 1989, when seven out of ten media texts were prepared in the “short note” genre. User-generated content brought only minor changes to the TV news genres. Over time, the role of PR-texts in TV news increases: the number of announcements increases more than tenfold between 1989 and 2021. Previous research indicate that mass media have a tendency to focus on violent and negative content. In the context of the TV news topics, it is demonstrated that nowadays there is an increase to some extent in news on crime and incidents and a slight decrease of the political agenda compared to 1989. Besides, it is reported that the number of sports TV news has significantly decreased, that confirms the trend of differentiation of the audience by TV programs focused on a single subject and specialty (or cable) channels

Television News from 1989 to 2021: Timing, Film Frame, Shot, Camera Motion (Based on Czech News Broadcast)

Статья поступила в редакцию 15.02.2023 г.Одной из причин трансформации медиасистемы является увеличение информации, ставшее возможным благодаря развитию новых технологий и интернета. В связи с этим меняются привычки медиапотребления, меняется само журналистское содержание. Цель исследования — выявить особенности изменения формы телевизионных новостей за последние 30 лет. Методом контент-анализа исследовались 1608 телевизионных сюжетов за три периода — 1989, 2005, 2021 гг. Во-первых, с течением лет увеличился средний хронометраж сюжета и количество кадров в одном сюжете. Средняя продолжительность кадра, напротив, уменьшилась, что говорит об увеличении скорости смены телевизионной «картинки». Также с годами увеличивается количество подводок ведущих, что может свидетельствовать об усилении пиар-начала в информационной тележурналистике. Во-вторых, несмотря на усиливающиеся тенденции использования смартфона для потребления новостей, значительного увеличения использования крупных планов к 2021 г. отмечено не было. В-третьих, прослеживается увеличение не только количества кадров и хронометража сюжетов, но и использования такого способа съемки, как панорама, которая также создает движение в кадре и добавляет динамику.One of the reasons for the transformation of media systems is the increase in information made possible by the development of new technologies and the Internet. In this context, the habits of media consumption change, the journalistic content changes too. The main purpose of the article is to identify changes in the form of television news over the past 30 years. This paper applies the content analysis to study 1608 video news of the Czech TV in three periods — 1989, 2005, and 2021. Firstly, over the years the average time of the TV news and the number of film frames in one news story has increased. On the other hand, the average duration of the frame has decreased. Besides, over the years, the number of lead paragraphs increases, which to some extent indicates the increase in PR-component in broadcast news. Secondly, despite the increasing trend of using smartphones for news consumption, there was no significant increase in the use of close-up shots by 2021. Thirdly, there is an increase not only in the number of frames and the average duration of video news, but also in the use of such a method of shooting as a panorama, which also creates movement and adds dynamics

Up-regulated expression of LAMP2 and autophagy activity during neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer LNCaP cells

Neuroendocrine (NE) prostate cancer (PCa) is a highly aggressive subtype of prostate cancer associated with resistance to androgen ablation therapy. In this study, we used LNCaP prostate cancer cells cultured in a serum-free medium for 6 days as a NE model of prostate cancer. Serum deprivation increased the expression of NE markers such as neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and βIII tubulin (βIII tub) and decreased the expression of the androgen receptor protein in LNCaP cells. Using cDNA microarrays, we compared gene expression profiles of NE cells and non-differentiated LNCaP cells. We identified up-regulation of 155 genes, among them LAMP2, a lysosomal membrane protein involved in lysosomal stability and autophagy. We then confirmed up-regulation of LAMP2 in NE cells by qRT-PCR, Western blot and confocal microscopy assays, showing that mRNA up-regulation correlated with increased levels of LAMP2 protein. Subsequently, we determined autophagy activity in NE cells by assessing the protein levels of SQSTM/p62 and LC3 by Western blot and LC3 and Atg5 mRNAs content by qRT-PCR. The decreased levels of SQSTM/p62 was accompanied by an enhanced expression of LC3 and ATG5, suggesting activation of autophagy in NE cells. Blockage of autophagy with 1μM AKT inhibitor IV, or by silencing Beclin 1 and Atg5, prevented NE cell differentiation, as revealed by decreased levels of the NE markers. In addition, AKT inhibitor IV as well as Beclin1 and Atg5 kwockdown attenuated LAMP2 expression in NE cells. On the other hand, LAMP2 knockdown by siRNA led to a marked blockage of autophagy, prevention of NE differentiation and decrease of cell survival. Taken together, these results suggest that LAMP2 overexpression assists NE differentiation of LNCaP cells induced by serum deprivation and facilitates autophagy activity in order to attain the NE phenotype and cell survival. LAMP2 could thus be a potential biomarker and potential target for NE prostate cancer

Interplay between estrogen receptor and AKT in estradiol-induced alternative splicing.

BACKGROUND: Alternative splicing is critical for generating complex proteomes in response to extracellular signals. Nuclear receptors including estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and their ligands promote alternative splicing. The endogenous targets of ERα:estradiol (E2)-mediated alternative splicing and the influence of extracellular kinases that phosphorylate ERα on E2-induced splicing are unknown. METHODS: MCF-7 and its anti-estrogen derivatives were used for the majority of the assays. CD44 mini gene was used to measure the effect of E2 and AKT on alternative splicing. ExonHit array analysis was performed to identify E2 and AKT-regulated endogenous alternatively spliced apoptosis-related genes. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to verify alternative splicing. ERα binding to alternatively spliced genes was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation-ELISA and Annexin V labeling assays were done to measure cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. RESULTS: We identified the targets of E2-induced alternative splicing and deconstructed some of the mechanisms surrounding E2-induced splicing by combining splice array with ERα cistrome and gene expression array. E2-induced alternatively spliced genes fall into at least two subgroups: coupled to E2-regulated transcription and ERα binding to the gene without an effect on rate of transcription. Further, AKT, which phosphorylates both ERα and splicing factors, influenced ERα:E2 dependent splicing in a gene-specific manner. Genes that are alternatively spliced include FAS/CD95, FGFR2, and AXIN-1. E2 increased the expression of FGFR2 C1 isoform but reduced C3 isoform at mRNA level. E2-induced alternative splicing of FAS and FGFR2 in MCF-7 cells correlated with resistance to FAS activation-induced apoptosis and response to keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), respectively. Resistance of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to the anti-estrogen tamoxifen was associated with ERα-dependent overexpression of FGFR2, whereas resistance to fulvestrant was associated with ERα-dependent isoform switching, which correlated with altered response to KGF. CONCLUSION: E2 may partly alter cellular proteome through alternative splicing uncoupled to its effects on transcription initiation and aberration in E2-induced alternative splicing events may influence response to anti-estrogens.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are

An EMT-Driven Alternative Splicing Program Occurs in Human Breast Cancer and Modulates Cellular Phenotype

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a mechanism important for embryonic development, plays a critical role during malignant transformation. While much is known about transcriptional regulation of EMT, alternative splicing of several genes has also been correlated with EMT progression, but the extent of splicing changes and their contributions to the morphological conversion accompanying EMT have not been investigated comprehensively. Using an established cell culture model and RNA–Seq analyses, we determined an alternative splicing signature for EMT. Genes encoding key drivers of EMT–dependent changes in cell phenotype, such as actin cytoskeleton remodeling, regulation of cell–cell junction formation, and regulation of cell migration, were enriched among EMT–associated alternatively splicing events. Our analysis suggested that most EMT–associated alternative splicing events are regulated by one or more members of the RBFOX, MBNL, CELF, hnRNP, or ESRP classes of splicing factors. The EMT alternative splicing signature was confirmed in human breast cancer cell lines, which could be classified into basal and luminal subtypes based exclusively on their EMT–associated splicing pattern. Expression of EMT–associated alternative mRNA transcripts was also observed in primary breast cancer samples, indicating that EMT–dependent splicing changes occur commonly in human tumors. The functional significance of EMT–associated alternative splicing was tested by expression of the epithelial-specific splicing factor ESRP1 or by depletion of RBFOX2 in mesenchymal cells, both of which elicited significant changes in cell morphology and motility towards an epithelial phenotype, suggesting that splicing regulation alone can drive critical aspects of EMT–associated phenotypic changes. The molecular description obtained here may aid in the development of new diagnostic and prognostic markers for analysis of breast cancer progression.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (R01-HG002439)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (equipment grant)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Integrative Cancer Biology Program Grant U54-CA112967)David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT (Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research)David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MITMassachusetts Institute of Technology (Croucher Scholarship)Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ludwig Fund postdoctoral fellowship)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH CA100324)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (AECC9526-5267

Application of fast scanning calorimetry to the fusion thermochemistry of low-molecular-weight organic compounds: Fast-crystallizing m-terphenyl heat capacities in a deeply supercooled liquid state

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Fusion enthalpy temperature dependence is related to the difference in heat capacity of the liquid and solid. Below the melting temperature, it is hard to measure the liquid heat capacity using conventional methods due to fast crystallization. Based on an indirect solution calorimetry approach, we previously concluded that the temperature dependence of heat capacities below the melting temperature is the extrapolation of the linear function above it. In this study, we employed a fast scanning calorimetry technique to test the validity of this conclusion. Three compounds were studied: two organic glass formers, benzophenone and o-terphenyl, for which the liquid and supercooled liquid heat capacities were known to be accurately described by a linear function of temperature, and m-terphenyl, which had never been studied in the supercooled liquid state. The results were in good agreement with the literature for liquid benzophenone and o-terphenyl heat capacities above and below the melting temperature. The heat capacity of the supercooled liquid and glassy m-terphenyl was obtained for the first time. The measured molar heat capacity of supercooled liquid m-terphenyl was the linear extrapolation of the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of the melt found in the literature. The molar heat capacity of the solid, the enthalpy and fusion temperature of m-terphenyl were determined by conventional DSC. Kirchhoff's integral, calculated from the measured molar heat capacities of solid and liquid m-terphenyl, was in accordance with the fusion and solution thermochemistry data

Ultrasound-assisted extrusion of construction ceramic samples

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.The conditions for a decrease in friction during ceramic brick production between a mixture and an extruder die under the influence of 20–30 kHz ultrasound applied to the die are calculated. An optimum design of a die used to mold 30 mm diameter cylindrical samples with a resonance in this frequency range is selected using computer modeling. From the results, a titanium die is fabricated and tested on a Verdes–050 (Spain) laboratory extruder using an ultrasonic magnetostrictive transducer with a power of 1.5 kW (Inlab-Ultrazvuk, Russia). A 12% reduction in extrusion pressure, a 20% acceleration of molding and a positive influence on the properties of the ceramics were found. The surface of the ceramic samples was covered by craters with diameters of approximately 10 µm due to the boiling of water, and the porosity of the main body of the samples decreased. This technique prevents the undesirable rapid drying of the surface when the samples exit the die and stabilizes the strength of the fired samples. The color remained unchanged, the water absorption decreased, the density, strength and resistance to frost increased. Ultrasonic extrusion increased the accuracy of the strength tests of construction ceramics, indicating the prospect of ultrasonic die development for industrial extruders for bricks, facing tiles and roof tiles

Splice variants as novel targets in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

The study was funded by the MolDiagPaCa European Union Framework Programme and CR-UK Programme grant A12008 from CR-UK (C. Chelala, T. Crnogorac-Jurcevic, and N.R. Lemoine). Italian Cancer Genome Project – Ministry of University [FIRB RBAP10AHJB]; Associazione Italiana Ricerca Cancro [grant number: 12182]; FP7 European Community Grant Cam-Pac [no: 602783]; Italian Ministry of Health [FIMPCUP_J33G13000210001]. The funders were not involved in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing of the manuscript. We thank Tracy Chaplin-Perkins for help with running the Affymetrix experiments