61 research outputs found

    Genesis of karstic systems in Gironde (Entre-deux-mers and Graves) : the role of ghost-rock alteration and hydrodynamic potential into oligocene, cretaceous and miocene limestones

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    Cette thĂšse a pour objet d’appliquer le nouveau paradigme de la fantĂŽmisation en Gironde (France), principalement aux calcaires tertiaires, et secondairement aux calcaires crĂ©tacĂ©s. La fantĂŽmisation transforme, par des processus vraisemblablement biochimiques, la roche saine en roche poreuse, en conservant le volume initial. On parle alors d’altĂ©ration isovolumique ou « gĂ©oporose ». L’intĂ©rĂȘt de la Gironde est de comporter de vastes Ă©tendues carbonatĂ©es plus ou moins karstifiĂ©es, dont l’Entre-deux-Mers et ses nombreuses grottes. Les calcaires de l’OligocĂšne infĂ©rieur montrent en carriĂšre des phĂ©nomĂšnes d’altĂ©ration qui peuvent servir de modĂšle pour expliquer la genĂšse des cavitĂ©s locales. L’intĂ©rĂȘt de cette rĂ©gion est de prĂ©senter diffĂ©rents stades Ă©volutifs de karstification par fantĂŽmisation, en fonction du potentiel hydrodynamique. On observe tous les stades en zone de plaine et de bas plateau : - des systĂšmes karstiques incipients, en phase de formation, situĂ©s en rive gauche de la Garonne, en zone de battement de nappe phrĂ©atique ; - des systĂšmes karstiques jeunes, en zone dĂ©noyĂ©e, de type perte-rĂ©surgence, en Entre-deux-Mers ; - des systĂšmes karstiques complexes impliquant plusieurs Ă©tages calcaires fantĂŽmisĂ©s, du CrĂ©tacĂ© supĂ©rieur Ă  l’OligocĂšne et au MiocĂšne, au sud de la Gironde ; - des palĂ©okarsts du PlĂ©istocĂšne moyen probable, fossilisĂ©s par des sĂ©diments ; - des palĂ©okarsts prĂ©coces, correspondant Ă  une phase prĂ©liminaire de sĂ©dimentation dans des zones fantĂŽmisĂ©es, rĂ©cemment exondĂ©es par abaissement relatif du niveau phrĂ©atique (surrection). Tous ces stades d’évolution de la karstification permettent de bĂątir en Gironde un modĂšle de spĂ©lĂ©ogenĂšse en fonction du paramĂštre hydrodynamique, qui commande l’évacuation mĂ©canique de l’altĂ©rite. Ce nouveau regard sur la spĂ©lĂ©ogenĂšse offre l’occasion de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement des sources de rive gauche, qui prĂ©sentent des dĂ©bits rĂ©guliers trĂšs tamponnĂ©s. Le pompage des eaux souterraines, depuis plus de 30 ans, provoque un rabattement de la nappe phrĂ©atique, qui pourrait expliquer localement certains effondrements et l’assĂšchement de plusieurs sources. Ces aspects de gĂ©nie civil montrent l’intĂ©rĂȘt de cette problĂ©matique Ă  la frontiĂšre recherche fondamentale / recherche appliquĂ©e. En effet, l’alimentation en eau de l’agglomĂ©ration bordelaise provient exclusivement des terrains cĂ©nozoĂŻques, et en particulier de l’OligocĂšne.The aim to this PhD thesis is to apply the new ghost-rock alteration paradigm to the Gironde (SW France), first to tertiary limestone, then secondarily to cretaceous limestone. The ghost-rock alteration transforms, probably by biochemical processes, the unweathered rock to porous rock, keeping its original volume. This is also called isovolumic alteration or "geoporosis". The interest of the Gironde is that it presents large carbonated areas, more or less karstified, especially the Entre-deux-Mers limestone plateau and its numerous caves. In quarries, the limestone from early Oligocene shows alteration phenomena that can be used as a model to explain the genesis of local caves. The advantage of this area is to present different evolutionary stages of karstification by ghost-rock alteration, depending on the hydrodynamic potential. We can observe all the stages in plains and low plateau areas: - Incipient karstic systems, in genesis phase, situated on the left bank of the Garonne river, in the groundwater table variation level; - Young karstic systems in dewatered areas, lost-resurgence type, in the Entre-deux-Mers; - Complex karstic systems formed by several limestone layers, affected by ghost-rock alteration, from late Cretaceous to Oligocene and Miocene, in the south of the Gironde; - Palaeokarsts probably dating from middle Pleistocene, clogged with sediment; - Early palaeokarsts, corresponding to a preliminary phase of sedimentation into ghost-rock altered areas, recently dewatered by a relative lowering of the water table (uplift) . All these stages of karstic evolution in Gironde help us to build a speleogenesis model, based on hydrodynamic parameters controlling the mechanical removal of the alterite. This new look at the speleogenesis is an opportunity to better understand the functioning of the sources situated on the left bank, which have regular and highly buffered flows. The pumping of groundwater for more than 30 years, causing a lowering of the water table, could explain some local collapses and depletion of several sources. These aspects of civil engineering show the importance of this issue at the limit of fundamental / applied research. Indeed, the drinking water of Bordeaux agglomeration is provided exclusively from cenozoic grounds, and in particular oligocene limestone

    THE EVER-DYNAMIC AVERAGE CONSUMER : A LEGAL TOOL WITH AN UNKNOWN IDENTITY

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    Genomsnittskonsumenten spelar en avgörande roll i bedömningar av huruvida en marknadsföringsĂ„tgĂ€rd Ă€r att betrakta som otillbörlig. Denna fiktiva person har i direktivet om otillbörliga affĂ€rsmetoder definierats som ”normalt informerad samt skĂ€ligen uppmĂ€rksam och upplyst, med beaktande av sociala, kulturella och sprĂ„kliga faktorer och i enlighet med domstolens tolkning [
].” Anledningen till att genomsnittskonsumenten samt denna lydelse kodifierades genom direktivet var ”[
] i syfte att ge nationella myndigheter och domstolar gemensamma kriterier för att öka rĂ€ttssĂ€kerheten och begrĂ€nsa risken för skiljaktiga bedömningar.” Det Ă€r alltsĂ„ utifrĂ„n denna sparsamt utformade bedömningsmatris som nationella domstolar inom gemenskapen ska grunda sina bedömningar pĂ„. I svensk rĂ€tt Ă€r genomsnittskonsumenten inget nytt fenomen, utan Ă„terfinns bland annat som koncept i statens offentliga utredningar frĂ„n 1966. De egenskaper som tillskrivits denna fiktiva individ i efterföljande rĂ€ttsfall, liknar de egenskaper och resonemang som senare framkommit i rĂ€ttsfall efter genomsnittskonsumentens introduktion inom gemenskapen. Introduktionen i frĂ„ga skedde inte lika hastigt som det kanske förefaller. SpĂ„r av resonemangen som till sist skulle utgöra underlaget för genomsnittskonsumenten gĂ„r att Ă„terfinna i tidigare EU-rĂ€ttslig praxis, innan det skulle kulminera i Gut Springenheide-mĂ„let. Senare EU-rĂ€ttsfall visade sig ocksĂ„ vara av betydelse för begreppets utveckling. Efter att denna grund har etablerats, riktas fokus mot att utforska rĂ€ttslĂ€get inom svensk marknadsföringsrĂ€tt före och efter direktivets tillkomst. Det kan konstateras att genomsnittskonsumenten, samt dess föregĂ„ngare, har och fortsatt kommer att spela en viktig roll i sĂ€rskilda marknadsföringsfall. Detta konstaterande följs emellertid av frĂ„gan om en sĂ„ pass vag grund för beslutsfattandet kan leda till oskiljaktiga och förutsebara bedömningar för den nĂ€ringsidkaren som marknadsför. Enligt min mening krĂ€vs tydligt utmejslade riktlinjer för att uppnĂ„ enhetliga bedömningar. Desto mer oprecisa riktlinjerna Ă€r, desto mer tolkningsutrymme medges. Tolkningsutrymme Ă€r inte nödvĂ€ndigtvis nĂ„got dĂ„ligt, men det fĂ„r Ă€ndock anses vara nĂ„got av en motpol till syftet om enhetlighet och förutsebarhet i det hĂ€r hĂ€nseendet. Detta dilemma görs tydligare nĂ€r sociala, kulturella och sprĂ„kliga faktorer ska beaktas, vilka skiljer sig Ă„t inom gemenskapen. Dessa faktorer adderar ytterligare variabler av oförutsebarhet dĂ„ det minst sagt Ă€r besvĂ€rligt att mĂ€ta hur stor inverkan dessa har, och hur de skulle betraktas av en annan nations domstol. Arbetet har avgrĂ€nsats till att behandla svenska rĂ€ttsfall, Ă€ven om en internationell jĂ€mförelse Ă€r av minst lika stor vikt som en nationell sĂ„dan. Denna aspekt bör sĂ„klart beaktas nĂ€r uppsatsens slutsatser ses till. EssĂ€n Ă€mnar inte nödvĂ€ndigtvis fastslĂ„ att nĂ„gra brister föreligger. I stĂ€llet Ă€r min avsikt att arbetet Ă„tminstone kan agera som en tankestĂ€llare kring hur kodifieringen av genomsnittskonsumenten och dess lydelse rimmar med dess syfte, samt hur denna fiktiva person anvĂ€nds och om den pĂ„ nĂ„got sĂ€tt bör förĂ€ndras

    The paleocaves of Pierre-Saint-Martin/Larra massif (France/Spain). Mapping and diagnostic

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    The Pyrenean Pierre-Saint-Martin/Larra massif presents more than 465 km of surveyed caves. But at the surface of this wellknown karstic mountain area, we can observe "cemeteries" of unroofed and open-air palaeocaves, due to the erosion/dissolution of cretaceous limestones since the Mio-Pliocene. An accurate mapping of these palaeocaves is actually done by remote sensing, in addition to essential field work. Indeed, walls and ground of palaeocaves have not the same micro-topographic characteristics (e.g. roughness) than the surrounding limestone. Those small differences are detected and quantified on the very high-density LIDAR full cover. Moreover, palaeo-speleothems can be detected and localized by the mean of spectral indices analysis, on very high resolution orthophotography and satellite imagery. Some palaeo-galleries have a development of several hundred meters, and show ancient stalagmitic massifs. The first U/Th dating indicate ages older than 400 000 years. An illustration is given by the Lepineux pit, which is extended at the surface by unroofed palaeo-pits, presenting old concretions. Those palaeo-speleothems situated at the surface indicate a pre-ice age, when the entire massif was at a lower elevation, with a forest and a pedologic cover, very favourable to the concretion formation

    FantĂŽmisation des calcaires oligocĂšnes en Gironde (SW France) ‐ Mise en Ă©vidence dans les carriĂšres et forages.

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    International audienceThe alteration of the rupelian limestone in Gironde, by the process of ghost-rock karstification, was studied on the Entredeux-Mers low plateau, into surface and underground quarries. Several types of morphologies were brought out: 1) in situ subhorizontal haloes; 2) subhorizontal recessing areas with vault pendants; 3) irregularly recessed weathered areas; 4) pseudoendokarst in the form of large multi-metric porches. Pleistocene palaeokarst exploiting ancient ghost-rock areas have also been identified. Some boreholes on the left bank of the Garonne River show a total loss during mud injection into the Rupelian limestone, between 15 and 35 m depth. Because of the induced decrease of the water table, pumping can lead to collapses. This highlighting of the phenomenon of ghost-rock karstification allows us to better understand the speleogenesis of the Gironde caves, either in non-phreatic zone (Entre-Deux-Mers) or in phreatic zone (porous reservoirs of the Graves area). Paleogeographic studies suggest that the alteration process first occurred during the platform's emersion at the end of the Rupelian, and probably in the Upper Miocene during the second emersion.L’altĂ©ration du calcaire rupĂ©lien de Gironde, de type « fantĂŽmisation », a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e dans des carriĂšres de surface etsouterraines du bas‐plateau de l’Entre‐Deux‐Mers. Plusieurs types de morphologies sont mis en Ă©vidence : 1) des aurĂ©olessubhorizontales en place ; 2) des zones subhorizontales en voie d’évidemment avec pendants de voĂ»te ; 3) des zones altĂ©rĂ©esirrĂ©guliĂšres ± Ă©vidĂ©es ; 4) des pseudoendokarsts en forme de grands porches plurimĂ©triques. Des palĂ©okarsts plĂ©istocĂšnesexploitant d’anciennes zones fantĂŽmisĂ©es ont aussi Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s. Certains forages en rive gauche de la Garonne montrentune perte d’injection dans le calcaire rupĂ©lien sur 15 Ă  35 m d’épaisseur. Cette mise en Ă©vidence du phĂ©nomĂšne defantĂŽmisation permet de mieux comprendre la spĂ©lĂ©ogenĂšse des cavitĂ©s de la rĂ©gion, soit en zone dĂ©noyĂ©e (Entre‐Deux‐Mers), soit en zone noyĂ©e (rĂ©servoirs poreux des Graves). A cause du rabattement de la nappe phrĂ©atique, les pompagespeuvent induire des effondrements. L’étude palĂ©ogĂ©ographique suggĂšre que la fantĂŽmisation s’est produite d’abord lors del’émersion de la plate‐forme Ă  la fin du RupĂ©lien et probablement au MiocĂšne supĂ©rieur lors de la seconde Ă©mersion

    Ghost-rock karstification in Gironde (France) - Highlighting in quarries and drillings

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    L’altĂ©ration du calcaire rupĂ©lien de Gironde, de type « fantĂŽmisation », a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e dans des carriĂšres de surface etsouterraines du bas‐plateau de l’Entre‐Deux‐Mers. Plusieurs types de morphologies sont mis en Ă©vidence : 1) des aurĂ©olessubhorizontales en place ; 2) des zones subhorizontales en voie d’évidemment avec pendants de voĂ»te ; 3) des zones altĂ©rĂ©esirrĂ©guliĂšres ± Ă©vidĂ©es ; 4) des pseudoendokarsts en forme de grands porches plurimĂ©triques. Des palĂ©okarsts plĂ©istocĂšnesexploitant d’anciennes zones fantĂŽmisĂ©es ont aussi Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s. Certains forages en rive gauche de la Garonne montrentune perte d’injection dans le calcaire rupĂ©lien sur 15 Ă  35 m d’épaisseur. Cette mise en Ă©vidence du phĂ©nomĂšne defantĂŽmisation permet de mieux comprendre la spĂ©lĂ©ogenĂšse des cavitĂ©s de la rĂ©gion, soit en zone dĂ©noyĂ©e (Entre‐Deux‐Mers), soit en zone noyĂ©e (rĂ©servoirs poreux des Graves). A cause du rabattement de la nappe phrĂ©atique, les pompagespeuvent induire des effondrements. L’étude palĂ©ogĂ©ographique suggĂšre que la fantĂŽmisation s’est produite d’abord lors del’émersion de la plate‐forme Ă  la fin du RupĂ©lien et probablement au MiocĂšne supĂ©rieur lors de la seconde Ă©mersion.The alteration of the rupelian limestone in Gironde, by the process of ghost-rock karstification, was studied on the Entredeux-Mers low plateau, into surface and underground quarries. Several types of morphologies were brought out: 1) in situ subhorizontal haloes; 2) subhorizontal recessing areas with vault pendants; 3) irregularly recessed weathered areas; 4) pseudoendokarst in the form of large multi-metric porches. Pleistocene palaeokarst exploiting ancient ghost-rock areas have also been identified. Some boreholes on the left bank of the Garonne River show a total loss during mud injection into the Rupelian limestone, between 15 and 35 m depth. Because of the induced decrease of the water table, pumping can lead to collapses. This highlighting of the phenomenon of ghost-rock karstification allows us to better understand the speleogenesis of the Gironde caves, either in non-phreatic zone (Entre-Deux-Mers) or in phreatic zone (porous reservoirs of the Graves area). Paleogeographic studies suggest that the alteration process first occurred during the platform's emersion at the end of the Rupelian, and probably in the Upper Miocene during the second emersion
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