Solidarités environnementales, contestation transnationale et renouvellement de la politique mondiale

L’ordre politique de la mondialisation est un champ conflictuel de relations économiques, culturelles et sociales au sein duquel les mouvements sociaux transnationaux construisent une nouvelle politique située au-delà des institutions traditionnelles. Cet article vise à proposer un cadre d´analyse théorique illustré à partir de la contribution d´un mouvement reconnu sur la scène internationale qui a réussi à mener une action politique transnationale dans le champ de l´environnementalisme. Dans ce cadre, les auteurs soulignent la convergence de six catégories d’analyse de l´action collective mise en oeuvre par les mouvements de protection de l´environnement. Les six catégories suggérées (statut de compétence, articulation des échelles, temporalité, multiplicité des identités et des représentations, structure organisationnelle, visibilité) mettent en relief le besoin de reconsidérer le sens hégémonique de la politique mondiale fondée exclusivement sur le marché et les négociations interétatiques.Globalization is a political order creating new fields of economic, cultural and social conflicts, wherein transnational social movements reaffirm a new politics beyond the conventional institutions. This article proposes an analytical framework, illustrated by the history of a well studied environmental movement. The authors present a set of six converging analytical categories stemming from the study of environmental movements. These categories (political competence, scale, temporality, multiple identities/representations, organisational structure, visibility) emphasise the need to question the current hegemonic understanding of world politics that has been almost always exclusively rooted in global markets and inter-state negotiations

ESPAÇO MUNDIAL E ORDEM POLÍTICA CONTEMPORÂNEA: uma agenda de pesquisa para um novo sentido da internacionalização

Este artigo responde a um duplo desafio. Em primeiro lugar, o de assumir a necessidade de ampliar os discursos vigentes sobre o espaço mundial, contornando visões despolitizadoras da política internacional. Em segundo lugar, o de renovar o sentido da internacionalização, no âmbito de um campo interdisciplinar, analisando as relações internacionais como sistema-mundo e integrando temas relativos à desigualdade e diferença, ao gênero, à justiça social, ao desenvolvimento e ao meio ambiente no plano da política mundial – aqui considerada como o conjunto das relações sociais que atravessam as fronteiras nacionais e que se estabelecem entre as diversas sociedades. Para tanto, são sugeridos três eixos analíticos em torno dos quais é apresentada uma proposta de agenda de pesquisas sobre a ordem política contemporânea: a) os ideários, valores e conteúdos de referência na política mundial; b) o sistema-mundo e as relações transnacionais; c) a influência da ação dos sujeitos na redefinição de um novo sentido para a internacionalização da política. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: espaço mundial, política contemporânea, teoria das relações internacionais, transnacionalismos.THE WORLD SPACE AND THE CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL ORDER: a research agenda aiming at a renewed approach to international politics Carlos R. S. Milani Ruthy Nadia Laniado This paper proposes a twofold challenge with respect to theorizing international politics. Firstly, it suggests that it is quite important to enlarge the existing discourses about the world space and, concurrently, to by-pass the consolidated de-politicized approaches to international politics. Secondly, the paper aims at renewing the meaning of internationalization focusing on interdisciplinary approaches and the idea of international relations as a worldsystem. Therefore it is necessary to embrace issues related to inequality, difference, gender, social justice, development and environment at the level of world politics, herein defined as the ensemble of social relations that transpose national frontiers and establish themselves among the most diverse societies. Hence, three analytical axes are proposed for a research agenda about the contemporary political order: a) ideals, values and referring contents of world politics; b) world-system and transnational relations; c) the influence of acting subjects in redefining a new meaning for the internationalization of politics. KEY WORD: world space, contemporary politics, international relations theory, transnationalisms.ESPACE MONDIAL ET ORDRE POLITIQUE CONTEMPORAIN: un agenda de recherche en vue d´un nouveau sens de l´international Carlos R. S. Milani Ruthy Nadia Laniado Cet article relève d´un double défi. En premier lieu, tenir compte du besoin d´ouverture des discours en vogue sur l´espace mondial et dans le même temps, éviter les visions dépolitisées de la politique internationale. En deuxième lieu, renouveler le sens de l´international, dans le cadre d´un champ interdisciplinaire, en analysant les relations internationales comme un système-monde et en intégrant des thématiques relatives à l´inégalité et la différence, aux rapports entre les sexes hommes-femmes (genre), à la justice sociale, au développement et à l´environnement sur le plan de la politique mondiale – laquelle est ici définie comme l´ensemble des relations sociales au-delà des frontières nationales et à travers les différentes sociétés. C´est ainsi que les auteurs de cet article suggèrent trois axes d´analyse autour desquels ils proposent un agenda de recherche sur l´ordre politique contemporain: a) les idées, les valeurs et les contenus de référence dans la politique mondiale; b) le système-monde et les relations transnationales; c) l´influence de l´action des sujets dans la redéfinition d´un nouveau sens de la internationalisation du politique. MOTS CLÉS:espace mondial, politique contemporaine, théorie des relations internationales, transnationalismes.Publicação Online do Caderno CRH:http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.b

The Impact of Geographic Distance on Online Social Interactions

Online social networking services entice millions of users to spend hours every day interacting with each other. The focus of this work is to explain the effect that geographic distance has on online social interactions and, simultaneously, to understand the interplay between the social characteristics of friendship ties and their spatial properties. We analyze data from a large-scale online social network, Tuenti, with about 10 million active users: our sample includes user profiles, user home locations and online social interactions among Tuenti members. Our findings support the idea that spatial distance constraints whom users interact with, but not the intensity of their social interactions. Furthermore, friendship ties belonging to denser connected groups tend to arise at shorter spatial distances than social ties established between members belonging to different groups. Finally, we show that our findings mostly do not depend on the age of the users, although younger users seem to be slightly more constrained to shorter geographic distances. Augmenting social structure with geographic information adds a new dimension to social network analysis and a large number of theoretical investigations and practical applications can be pursued for online social systems, with many promising outcomes. As the amount of available location-based data is increasing, our findings and results open the door to future possibilities: researchers would benefit from these insights when studying online social services, while developers should be aware of these additional possibilities when building systems and applications related to online social platforms

Dynamics of conflicts in Wikipedia

In this work we study the dynamical features of editorial wars in Wikipedia (WP). Based on our previously established algorithm, we build up samples of controversial and peaceful articles and analyze the temporal characteristics of the activity in these samples. On short time scales, we show that there is a clear correspondence between conflict and burstiness of activity patterns, and that memory effects play an important role in controversies. On long time scales, we identify three distinct developmental patterns for the overall behavior of the articles. We are able to distinguish cases eventually leading to consensus from those cases where a compromise is far from achievable. Finally, we analyze discussion networks and conclude that edit wars are mainly fought by few editors only.Comment: Supporting information adde

AFLP analysis reveals high genetic diversity but low population structure in Coccidioides posadasiiisolates from Mexico and Argentina

BACKGROUND: Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii cause coccidioidomycosis, a disease that is endemic to North and South America, but for Central America, the incidence of coccidioidomycosis has not been clearly established. Several studies suggest genetic variability in these fungi; however, little definitive information has been discovered about the variability of Coccidioides fungi in Mexico (MX) and Argentina (AR). Thus, the goals for this work were to study 32 Coccidioides spp. isolates from MX and AR, identify the species of these Coccidioides spp. isolates, analyse their phenotypic variability, examine their genetic variability and investigate the Coccidioides reproductive system and its level of genetic differentiation. METHODS: Coccidioides spp. isolates from MX and AR were taxonomically identified by phylogenetic inference analysis using partial sequences of the Ag2/PRA gene and their phenotypic characteristics analysed. The genetic variability, reproductive system and level of differentiation were estimated using AFLP markers. The level of genetic variability was assessed measuring the percentage of polymorphic loci, number of effective allele, expected heterocygosity and Index of Association (I(A)). The degree of genetic differentiation was determined by AMOVA. Genetic similarities among isolates were estimated using Jaccard index. The UPGMA was used to contsruct the corresponding dendrogram. Finally, a network of haplotypes was built to evaluate the genealogical relationships among AFLP haplotypes. RESULTS: All isolates of Coccidioides spp. from MX and AR were identified as C. posadasii. No phenotypic variability was observed among the C. posadasii isolates from MX and AR. Analyses of genetic diversity and population structure were conducted using AFLP markers. Different estimators of genetic variability indicated that the C. posadasii isolates from MX and AR had high genetic variability. Furthermore, AMOVA, dendrogram and haplotype network showed a small genetic differentiation among the C. posadasii populations analysed from MX and AR. Additionally, the I(A) calculated for the isolates suggested that the species has a recombinant reproductive system. CONCLUSIONS: No phenotypic variability was observed among the C. posadasii isolates from MX and AR. The high genetic variability observed in the isolates from MX and AR and the small genetic differentiation observed among the C. posadasii isolates analysed, suggest that this species could be distributed as a single genetic population in Latin America

Latent Tuberculosis among Persons at Risk for Infection with HIV, Tijuana, Mexico

Interventions that prevent HIV transmission and TB reactivation are needed

A Repurposing Programme Evaluating Repurposing Transdermal Oestradiol Patches for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer Within the PATCH and STAMPEDE Trials: Current Results and Adapting Trial Design

AIMS: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), usually achieved with luteinising hormone releasing hormone analogues (LHRHa), is central to prostate cancer management. LHRHa reduce both testosterone and oestrogen and are associated with significant long-term toxicity. Previous use of oral oestrogens as ADT was curtailed because of cardiovascular toxicity. Transdermal oestrogen (tE2) patches are a potential alternative ADT, supressing testosterone without the associated oestrogen-depletion toxicities (osteoporosis, hot flushes, metabolic abnormalities) and avoiding cardiovascular toxicity, and we here describe their evaluation in men with prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PATCH (NCT00303784) adaptive trials programme (incorporating recruitment through the STAMPEDE [NCT00268476] platform) is evaluating the safety and efficacy of tE2 patches as ADT for men with prostate cancer. An initial randomised (LHRHa versus tE2) phase II study (n = 251) with cardiovascular toxicity as the primary outcome measure has expanded into a phase III evaluation. Those with locally advanced (M0) or metastatic (M1) prostate cancer are eligible. To reflect changes in both management and prognosis, the PATCH programme is now evaluating these cohorts separately. RESULTS: to date: Recruitment is complete, with 1362 and 1128 in the M0 and M1 cohorts, respectively. Rates of androgen suppression with tE2 were equivalent to LHRHa, with improved metabolic parameters, quality of life and bone health indices (mean absolute change in lumbar spine bone mineral density of -3.0% for LHRHa and +7.9% for tE2 with an estimated difference between arms of 9.3% (95% confidence interval 5.3-13.4). Importantly, rates of cardiovascular events were not significantly different between the two arms and the time to first cardiovascular event did not differ between treatment groups (hazard ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval 0.80-1.53; P = 0.54). Oncological outcomes are awaited. FUTURE: Efficacy results for the M0 cohort (primary outcome measure metastases-free survival) are expected in the final quarter of 2023. For M1 patients (primary outcome measure - overall survival), analysis using restricted mean survival time is being explored. Allied translational work on longitudinal samples is underway

Transdermal oestradiol for androgen suppression in prostate cancer: long-term cardiovascular outcomes from the randomised Prostate Adenocarcinoma Transcutaneous Hormone (PATCH) trial programme

Background: Androgen suppression is a central component of prostate cancer management but causes substantial long-term toxicity. Transdermal administration of oestradiol (tE2) circumvents first-pass hepatic metabolism and, therefore, should avoid the cardiovascular toxicity seen with oral oestrogen and the oestrogen-depletion effects seen with luteinising hormone releasing hormone agonists (LHRHa). We present long-term cardiovascular follow-up data from the Prostate Adenocarcinoma Transcutaneous Hormone (PATCH) trial programme. Methods: PATCH is a seamless phase 2/3, randomised, multicentre trial programme at 52 study sites in the UK. Men with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer were randomly allocated (1:2 from August, 2007 then 1:1 from February, 2011) to either LHRHa according to local practice or tE2 patches (four 100 μg patches per 24 h, changed twice weekly, reducing to three patches twice weekly if castrate at 4 weeks [defined as testosterone ≤1·7 nmol/L]). Randomisation was done using a computer-based minimisation algorithm and was stratified by several factors, including disease stage, age, smoking status, and family history of cardiac disease. The primary outcome of this analysis was cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Cardiovascular events, including heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, thromboembolic stroke, and other thromboembolic events, were confirmed using predefined criteria and source data. Sudden or unexpected deaths were attributed to a cardiovascular category if a confirmatory post-mortem report was available and as other relevant events if no post-mortem report was available. PATCH is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN70406718; the study is ongoing and adaptive. Findings: Between Aug 14, 2007, and July 30, 2019, 1694 men were randomly allocated either LHRHa (n=790) or tE2 patches (n=904). Overall, median follow-up was 3·9 (IQR 2·4–7·0) years. Respective castration rates at 1 month and 3 months were 65% and 93% among patients assigned LHRHa and 83% and 93% among those allocated tE2. 157 events from 145 men met predefined cardiovascular criteria, with a further ten sudden deaths with no post-mortem report (total 167 events in 153 men). 26 (2%) of 1694 patients had fatal cardiovascular events, 15 (2%) of 790 assigned LHRHa and 11 (1%) of 904 allocated tE2. The time to first cardiovascular event did not differ between treatments (hazard ratio 1·11, 95% CI 0·80–1·53; p=0·54 [including sudden deaths without post-mortem report]; 1·20, 0·86–1·68; p=0·29 [confirmed group only]). 30 (34%) of 89 cardiovascular events in patients assigned tE2 occurred more than 3 months after tE2 was stopped or changed to LHRHa. The most frequent adverse events were gynaecomastia (all grades), with 279 (38%) events in 730 patients who received LHRHa versus 690 (86%) in 807 patients who received tE2 (p<0·0001) and hot flushes (all grades) in 628 (86%) of those who received LHRHa versus 280 (35%) who received tE2 (p<0·0001). Interpretation: Long-term data comparing tE2 patches with LHRHa show no evidence of a difference between treatments in cardiovascular mortality or morbidity. Oestrogens administered transdermally should be reconsidered for androgen suppression in the management of prostate cancer. Funding: Cancer Research UK, and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London