The Pathogenesis of Nephrotic Syndrome: A Perspective from B Cells

Background: Nephrotic syndrome is a special type of chronic kidney disease, the specific pathogenesis of which remains unclear. An increasing number of studies have suggested that B cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome. Summary: Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is a common kidney disease in children. While previously believed to be primarily caused by T-cell disorders, recent research has shifted its focus to B cells. Studies have shown that B cells play a significant role in the pathogenesis of NS, potentially even more so than T cells. This article provides a comprehensive review of the involvement of B cells in the development of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Key Messages: B cells are involved in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome by producing autoantibodies and various cytokines

808 nm driven Nd 3+

The in vivo biological applications of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) prefer excitation at 700-850 nm, instead of 980 nm, due to the absorption of water. Recent approaches in constructing robust Nd3+ doped UCNPs with 808 nm excitation properties rely on a thick Nd3+ sensitized shell. However, for the very important and popular Frster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based applications, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) or switchable biosensors, this type of structure has restrictions resulting in a poor energy transfer. In this work, we have designed a NaYF4:Yb/Ho@NaYF4:Nd@NaYF4 core-shell-shell nanostructure. We have proven that this optimal structure balances the robustness of the upconversion emission and the FRET efficiency for FRET-based bioapplications. A proof of the concept was demonstrated for photodynamic therapy and simultaneous fluorescence imaging of HeLa cells triggered by 808 nm light, where low heating and a high PDT efficacy were achieved

Study on Preparation of Superhydrophobic Copper Surface by Milling and Its Protective Performance

Using milling method, a 0.1 mm flat-bottom sharp knife was used to mill the surface of Cu substrate in a CNC engraving machine to construct the microstructure of rectangular bumps, and rectangular bumps with different sizes and different distances were prepared by changing the distance between cutter tips. After deburring and stearic acid modification, a superhydrophobic Cu surface with excellent mechanical durability and stability was successfully prepared. Through friction and wear experiments, the contact angle of the superhydrophobic Cu surface decreased slightly while retaining excellent corrosion resistance

Study on Preparation of Superhydrophobic Copper Surface by Milling and Its Protective Performance

Using milling method, a 0.1 mm flat-bottom sharp knife was used to mill the surface of Cu substrate in a CNC engraving machine to construct the microstructure of rectangular bumps, and rectangular bumps with different sizes and different distances were prepared by changing the distance between cutter tips. After deburring and stearic acid modification, a superhydrophobic Cu surface with excellent mechanical durability and stability was successfully prepared. Through friction and wear experiments, the contact angle of the superhydrophobic Cu surface decreased slightly while retaining excellent corrosion resistance.</jats:p

An Anti-Corrosion Superhydrophobic Copper Surface Fabricated by Milling and Chemical Deposition

The development of anticorrosion coatings on copper has raised tremendous interest in material science. Using a milling method, regular rough structures were fabricated, and after chemical deposition with AgNO3 solution and the modification of stearic acid, a superhydrophobic copper substrate could be obtained. The surface morphological study showed a dendritic microstructure, and a rectangular surface bulge produced by milling was distributed on the copper substrate. The coatings showed the surface water contact angle could be as high as 158.4°. The best anti-corrosion coating was the sample milled with the cutter tip distance of 0.30 mm. The as-prepared superhydrophobic sample has a good self-cleaning effect. Scratched with a knife and abraded by friction, the copper substrate still maintained good superhydrophobic nature. The coating was mechanically stable and possessed good corrosion resistance.</jats:p

Spatial distribution of rural population from a climate perspective: Evidence from Jiangxi Province in China.

The research on rural population distribution from a climate perspective is rare. Therefore, this study adopts this perspective and uses the ordinary least squares and spatial econometric models to explore the spatial distribution characteristics of the rural population in the Poyang Lake ecological economic zone. Results show that (1) a significant spatial autocorrelation is present in the distribution of rural population, and a spatial correlation exists between the population distribution and climatic factors, (2) the influence of climatic factors on the distribution of rural population in the Poyang Lake ecological economic zone is greater than that of economic factors, and (3) the annual average sunshine and annual average rainfall have a significant negative effect on the distribution of the regional rural population, which is contrary to the expectations., so we then analyze this negative effect on the regional rural population distribution. It is found that (1) the influence of climate factors on the distribution of rural population in lake area is far more than that of economic factors, and more consideration should be given to the influence of climate factors on the population distribution in the lake area, (2) different geographical capital and natural resource endowment, the influence of climate on micro-regional population distribution may be different from the general law, (3) the spatial measurement model which takes spatial dependence into account can reveal the influence of climate on rural population distribution more accurately