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Year-round stratospheric aerosol backscatter ratios calculated from lidar measurements above northern Norway
We present a new method for calculating backscatter ratios of the stratospheric sulfate aerosol (SSA) layer from daytime and nighttime lidar measurements. Using this new method we show a first year-round dataset of stratospheric aerosol backscatter ratios at high latitudes. The SSA layer is located at altitudes between the tropopause and about 30âkm. It is of fundamental importance for the radiative balance of the atmosphere. We use a state-of-the-art Rayleigh-Mie-Raman lidar at the Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research (ALOMAR) station located in northern Norway (69N, 16E; 380ma.s.l.). For nighttime measurements the aerosol backscatter ratios are derived using elastic and inelastic backscatter of the emitted laser wavelengths 355, 532 and 1064nm. The setup of the lidar allows measurements with a resolution of about 5âmin in time and 150âm in altitude to be performed in high quality, which enables the identification of multiple sub-layers in the stratospheric aerosol layer of less than 1âkm vertical thickness. We introduce a method to extend the dataset throughout the summer when measurements need to be performed under permanent daytime conditions. For that purpose we approximate the backscatter ratios from color ratios of elastic scattering and apply a correction function. We calculate the correction function using the average backscatter ratio profile at 355nm from about 1700âh of nighttime measurements from the years 2000 to 2018. Using the new method we finally present a year-round dataset based on about 4100âh of measurements during the years 2014 to 2017. © Author(s) 2019
Effect of mechanical loading on the metabolic activity of cells in the temporomandibular joint: a systematic review
Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to elucidate how different modalities and intensities of mechanical loading affect the metabolic activity of cells within the fibro-cartilage of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Materials and methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. The articles were selected following a priori formulated inclusion criteria (viz., in vivo and in vitro studies, mechanical loading experiments on TMJ, and the response of the TMJ). A total of 254 records were identified. After removal of duplicates, 234 records were screened by assessing eligibility criteria for inclusion. Forty-nine articles were selected for full-text assessment. Of those, 23 were excluded because they presented high risk of bias or were reviews. Twenty-six experimental studies were included in this systematic review: 15 in vivo studies and 11 in vitro ones. Conclusion: The studies showed that dynamic mechanical loading is an important stimulus for mandibular growth and for the homeostasis of TMJ cartilage. When this loading is applied at a low intensity, it prevents breakdown of inflamed cartilage. Yet, frequent overloading at excessive levels induces accelerated cell death and an increased cartilage degradation
Sociodemographic factors and delays in the diagnosis of six cancers: analysis of data from the âNational Survey of NHS Patients: Cancer'
This paper aims to explore the relationship between sociodemographic factors and the components of diagnostic delay (total, patient and primary care, referral, secondary care) for these six cancers (breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, prostate, or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma). Secondary analysis of patient-reported data from the âNational Survey of NHS patients: Cancer' was undertaken (65â192 patients). Data were analysed using univariate analysis and Generalised Linear Modelling. With regard to total delay, the findings from the GLM showed that for colorectal cancer, the significant factors were marital status and age, for lung and ovarian cancer none of the factors were significant, for prostate cancer the only significant factor was social class, for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma the only significant factor was age, and for breast cancer the significant factors were marital status and ethnic group. Where associations between any of the component delays were found, the direction of the association was always in the same direction (female subjects had longer delays than male subjects, younger people had longer delays than older people, single and separated/divorced people had longer delays than married people, lower social class groups had longer delays than higher social class groups, and Black and south Asian people had longer delays than white people). These findings should influence the design of interventions aimed at reducing diagnostic delays with the aim of improving morbidity, mortality, and psychological outcomes through earlier stage diagnosis
Seismic behaviour of traditional timber frame walls: experimental results on unreinforced walls
Timber frame buildings are well known as an efficient seismic resistant structure
and they are used worldwide. Moreover, they have been specifically adopted in codes and
regulations during the XVIII and XIX centuries in the Mediterranean area. These structures
generally consist of exterior masonry walls with timber elements embedded which tie the
walls together and internal walls which have a timber frame with masonry infill and act as
shearwalls. In order to preserve these structureswhich characterizemany cities in theworld it
is important to better understand their behaviour under seismic actions. Furthermore, historic
technologies could be used even in modern constructions to build seismic resistant buildings
using more natural materials with lesser costs. Generally, different types of infill could be
applied to timber frame walls depending on the country, among which brick masonry, rubble
masonry, hay and mud. The focus of this paper is to study the seismic behaviour of the walls
considering different types of infill, specifically: masonry infill, lath and plaster and timber
frame with no infill. Static cyclic tests have been performed on unreinforced timber frame
walls in order to study their seismic capacity in terms of strength, stiffness, ductility and
energy dissipation. The tests showed how in the unreinforced condition, the infill is able to
guarantee a greater stiffness, ductility and ultimate capacity of the wall.The authors would like to acknowledge Eng. Filipe Ferreira and A.O.F. (Augusto Oliveira Ferreira &
C Lda.) for their expertise and collaboration in the construction of the wall specimens.
The first author would also like to acknowledge the Portuguese Science and Technology
Foundation (FCT) for its financial support through grant SFRH / BD / 61908 / 2009
Nanogrooved microdiscs for bottom-up modulation of osteogenic differentiation
Grooved topographical features have effectively modulated cell differentiation on two-dimensional substrates. To transpose patterning into a 3D environmment, nanogrooved microdiscs, "topodiscs", are produced as cell carriers for bottom-up cell-mediated assembly. While enhancing cell proliferation, topodiscs led to the formation of bone-like aggregates, even in culture medium lacking osteoinductive factors.publishe
Prostaglandin synthase 1 gene disruption in mice reduces arachidonic acid-induced inflammation and indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration
AbstractCyclooxygenases 1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2) are key enzymes in prostaglandin biosynthesis and the target enzymes for the widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. To study the physiological roles of the individual isoforms, we have disrupted the mouse Ptgs1 gene encoding COX-1. Homozygous Ptgs1 mutant mice survive well, have no gastric pathology, and show less indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration than wild-type mice, even though their gastric prostaglandin E2 levels are about 1% of wild type. The homozygous mutant mice have reduced platelet aggregation and a decreased inflammatory response to arachidonic acid, but not to tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate. Ptgs1 homozygous mutant females mated to homozygous mutant males produce few live offspring. COX-1-deficient mice provide a useful model to distinguish the physiological roles of COX-1 and COX-2
Do diagnostic delays in cancer matter?
background: The United Kingdom has poorer cancer outcomes than many other countries due partly to delays in diagnosing symptomatic cancer, leading to more advanced stage at diagnosis. Delays can occur at the level of patients, primary care, systems and secondary care. There is considerable potential for interventions to minimise delays and lead to earlier-stage diagnosis.
methods: Scoping review of the published studies, with a focus on methodological issues.
results: Trial data in this area are lacking and observational studies often show no association or negative ones. This review offers methodological explanations for these counter-intuitive findings.
conclusion: While diagnostic delays do matter, their importance is uncertain and must be determined through more sophisticated methods
PECAM-Independent Thioglycollate Peritonitis Is Associated With a Locus on Murine Chromosome 2
Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that knockout or inhibition of Platelet/Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (PECAM, CD31) in a number of murine strains results in impaired inflammatory responses, but that no such phenotype is seen in the C57BL/6 (B6) murine background. Methodology/Principal Findings: We have undertaken a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping effort between FVB/n (FVB) and B6 mice deficient for PECAM to identify the gene or genes responsible for this unique feature of B6 mice. We have identified a locus on murine chromosome 2 at approximately 35.8 Mb that is strongly associated (LOD score = 9.0) with inflammatory responses in the absence of PECAM. Conclusions/Significance: These data potentiate further study of the diapedesis machinery, as well as potential identification of new components of this machinery. As such, this study is an important step to better understanding the processes of inflammation
Does delay in diagnosing colorectal cancer in symptomatic patients affect tumor stage and survival? A population-based observational study
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Diagnosing colorectal cancer (CRC) at an early stage improves survival. To what extent any delay affects outcome once patients are symptomatic is still unclear.</p> <p>Our objectives were to evaluate the association between diagnostic delay and survival in symptomatic patients with early stage CRC and late stage CRC.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Prospective population-based observational study evaluating daily clinical practice in Northern Holland. Diagnostic delay was determined through questionnaire-interviews. Dukes' stage was classified into two groups: early stage (Dukes A or B) and late stage (Dukes C or D) cancer. Patients were followed up for 3.5 years after diagnosis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In total, 272 patients were available for analysis. Early stage CRC was present in 136 patients while 136 patients had late stage CRC. The mean total diagnostic delay (SE) was 31 (1.5) weeks in all CRC patients. No significant difference was observed in the mean total diagnostic delay in early versus late stage CRC (<it>p </it>= 0.27).</p> <p>In early stage CRC, no difference in survival was observed between patients with total diagnostic delay shorter and longer than the median (Kaplan-Meier, log-rank <it>p </it>= 0.93).</p> <p>In late stage CRC, patients with a diagnostic delay shorter than the median had a shorter survival than patients with a diagnostic delay longer than the median (log-rank <it>p </it>= 0.01). In the multivariate Cox regression model with survival as dependent variable and median delay, age, open access endoscopy, number and type of symptoms as independent variables, the odd's ratio for survival in patients with long delay (>median) versus short delay (â€median) was 1.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 3.0; <it>p </it>= 0.01). Tumor-site was not associated with patient survival. When separating late stage CRC in Dukes C and Dukes D tumors, a shorter delay was associated with a shorter survival in Dukes D tumors only and not in Dukes C tumors.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In symptomatic CRC patients, a longer diagnostic and therapeutic delay in routine clinical practice was not associated with an adverse effect on survival. The time to CRC diagnosis and initiation of treatment did not differ between early stage and late stage colorectal cancer.</p
Dystroglycan versatility in cell adhesion: a tale of multiple motifs
Dystroglycan is a ubiquitously expressed heterodimeric adhesion receptor. The extracellular a-subunit makes connections
with a number of laminin G domain ligands including laminins, agrin and perlecan in the extracellular
matrix and the transmembrane b-subunit makes connections to the actin filament network via cytoskeletal linkers
including dystrophin, utrophin, ezrin and plectin, depending on context. Originally discovered as part of the dystrophin
glycoprotein complex of skeletal muscle, dystroglycan is an important adhesion molecule and signalling scaffold
in a multitude of cell types and tissues and is involved in several diseases. Dystroglycan has emerged as a
multifunctional adhesion platform with many interacting partners associating with its short unstructured cytoplasmic
domain. Two particular hotspots are the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane region and at the very carboxy terminus
of dystroglycan. Regions which between them have several overlapping functions: in the juxtamembrane region; a
nuclear localisation signal, ezrin/radixin/moesin protein, rapsyn and ERK MAP Kinase binding function, and at the C
terminus a regulatory tyrosine governing WW, SH2 and SH3 domain interactions. We will discuss the binding partners
for these motifs and how their interactions and regulation can modulate the involvement of dystroglycan in a
range of different adhesion structures and functions depending on context. Thus dystroglycan presents as a multifunctional
scaffold involved in adhesion and adhesion-mediated signalling with its functions under exquisite spatiotemporal
regulation
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